Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary
UGC Guidelines on Peer-Reviewed Journals Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary (RRIJM) follows ethical publishing standards and adheres to the principles of quality assurance and academic integrity as outlined in the guidelines for peer-reviewed journals. The journal ensures that all published research undergoes a rigorous peer review process, maintaining transparency, originality, and academic credibility in accordance with established scholarly publishing norms. Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary (RRIJM) (ISSN: 2583-0031, Online) is a peer-reviewed international journal committed to publishing high-quality scholarly work across a wide range of multidisciplinary fields. The journal provides an inclusive platform for researchers, practitioners, and scholars to present original contributions spanning international, regional, and interdisciplinary studies. RRIJM aims to advance knowledge by publishing rigorous theoretical and empirical research that addresses contemporary issues in multidisciplinary domains. In addition to research articles, the journal features case studies with practical implications, as well as papers focused on teaching and learning in Business and Management, Social Sciences, and the Humanities. The journal also welcomes critical reviews of recently published books relevant to these fields. Unlike conventional journals that focus on narrowly defined subject areas, RRIJM encourages cross-disciplinary engagement, enabling research to reach a broader scientific audience without disciplinary limitations. Journal Information Journal Start Year: 2021 Journal Title: Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary (RRIJM) ISSN (Online): 2583-0031 Publication Frequency: Quarterly (4 issues per year) Peer Review Process: Double Blind Peer Review Journal Accessibility: Open Access DOI: Crossref DOI to each article Impact Factor: 5.02 (IIJIF) Subject Areas: Business & Management; Social Sciences; Humanities Language: English Publication Format: Online Contact Information Phone: +91 93284 90029 Email: editor@rrijm.com Website: https://rrijm.com/index.php/RRIJM/index Address: D-302, Surya Kiran Heights, Behind Gayatri Mandir, Kalol–382721, District Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
Research Review Publication (Reg. No. UDYAM-GJ-14-0031580)
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and Dalit Women's Empowerment: An Analytical Study
The Indian social structure has historically been characterized by a deep interrelationship between the caste system and the subordination of women. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar was the first scholar to expose this relationship in a systematic and profound manner. He argued that the foundation of the caste system rests upon the control of women's bodies and their sexuality, and therefore, the annihilation of caste is impossible without the liberation of women. The present paper seeks to examine the concept of Dalit women's empowerment through the writings, speeches, and legislative contributions of Dr. Ambedkar. The study particularly focuses on his historic address delivered at the All India Dalit Women's Conference held in Nagpur in July 1942, his prolonged struggle for the enactment of the Hindu Code Bill, and his observations on women's issues in his seminal works, including Annihilation of Caste and Who Were the Shudras? The paper also analyzes the extent and nature of the socio-economic changes experienced by Dalit women in post-independence India and evaluates the contemporary relevance of Dr. Ambedkar's ideas in addressing the challenges faced by Dalit women today. The study adopts a qualitative and analytical research methodology and is primarily based on secondary sources. Abstract in Hindi Language: भारतीय समाज-व्यवस्था में जाति और स्त्री की अधीनता के बीच जो गहरा अंतर्संबंध रहा है, उसे सैद्धांतिक धरातल पर सबसे पहले और सबसे तीखेपन से डॉ. भीमराव रामजी अंबेडकर ने उजागर किया। उन्होंने यह स्थापित किया कि जाति व्यवस्था की नींव स्त्री की देह और उसकी यौनिकता के नियंत्रण पर टिकी है, और इसीलिए जब तक स्त्री मुक्त नहीं होगी, जाति का उन्मूलन संभव नहीं। प्रस्तुत आलेख डॉ. अंबेडकर के लेखन, उनके भाषणों तथा उनकी विधायी गतिविधियों के आलोक में दलित स्त्रियों के सशक्तिकरण की अवधारणा को समझने का प्रयास करता है। इस अध्ययन में विशेष रूप से जुलाई 1942 में नागपुर में अखिल भारतीय दलित महिला परिषद में दिए गए उनके ऐतिहासिक संबोधन, हिन्दू कोड बिल को लेकर उनके लंबे संघर्ष, तथा ‘जाति का विनाश’ एवं ‘शूद्र कौन थे’ जैसी कृतियों में स्त्री-प्रश्न पर उनकी टिप्पणियों की पड़तााल की गई है। साथ ही यह भी विश्लेषित किया गया है कि स्वतंत्रता के बाद के भारत में दलित स्त्रियों की सामाजिक-आर्थिक स्थिति में कितना और किस प्रकार का बदलाव आया है, और वर्तमान संदर्भ में अंबेडकर के विचार कितने प्रासंगिक बने हुए हैं। अध्ययन गुणात्मक एवं विश्लेषणात्मक पद्धति पर आधारित है तथा मुख्यतः द्वितीयक स्रोतों पर निर्भर करता है। Keywords: डॉ. अंबेडकर, दलित महिला, सशक्तिकरण, जाति व्यवस्था, हिन्दू कोड बिल, स्त्री-अधीनता, अंतर्विवाह, बौद्ध धम्म, सामाजिक न्याय
An EPQ Model for Deteriorating Inventory under Carbon Emission Regulations and Sustainable Production
Growing environmental concern and the tightening of statutory carbon-emission regulations have compelled manufacturing firms to look beyond the traditional cost-minimisation objective of inventory management and to internalise the environmental cost of their production activity. This paper develops an Economic Production Quantity (EPQ) model for a single deteriorating item manufactured at a finite production rate under a carbon-tax regulatory regime. Inventory is assumed to deteriorate at a constant rate once produced, and the total relevant cost per unit time is constructed by combining the classical set-up, production, holding and deterioration costs with an explicit carbon-emission cost arising from production, storage and disposal of deteriorated units. Closed-form expressions for the optimal cycle length, production quantity and minimum total cost are derived using a first-order perturbation approximation that is valid for small deterioration rates, and the convexity of the cost function is established analytically. A numerical example illustrates the working of the model, and a detailed sensitivity analysis is carried out with respect to the deterioration rate, the carbon-tax rate, the demand rate and the holding-cost parameter. The results show that while the total cost is highly sensitive to the demand rate and moderately sensitive to the holding-cost parameter, it is only mildly affected by the carbon-tax rate, implying that a firm can absorb reasonable carbon-tax escalation without materially altering its production-lot-sizing policy. The study offers managerial insights for production planners operating under emission-trading or carbon-tax regulations and provides a foundation for extending sustainable production–inventory research to more general deterioration and demand structures.
Study of Rainfall Variability in Semi Arid Region with Reference to Pali District, Rajasthan, India
The unique feature of the Indian monsoon is its irregularity and inconsistency. This feature of monsoon has different effects in different regions of the country. Rajasthan is located in the western part of India where arid and semi-arid and sometimes humid climatic conditions are found. Therefore, on the basis of these climatic features, anomalies arise in the monsoon of Rajasthan, which creates problems for the farmers. Due to which the condition of drought persists in this area. In this research paper, the analysis of rainfall variability of Pali district, located in the south-west part of Rajasthan, has been studied on the basis of data for the period of last 20 years (2003-2022). In this research paper, the mean, standard deviation and coefficient of standard deviation for the annual rainfall of the last 20 years in selected tehsils of Pali district have also been calculated. This result has been obtained from this calculation that during 20 years in Pali, maximum rainfall has occurred in Pali tehsil, followed by Sumerpur and Bali tehsils while the least rainfall has occurred in Raipur tehsil.
Development of Tribal Governance in West Bengal Since 1990
Tribal governance in West Bengal has evolved through decentralization, legal reforms, and greater community participation since 1990. A major milestone was the strengthening of the Panchayati Raj Institutions following the constitutional amendments of the early 1990s, which increased the participation of Scheduled Tribes in local governance through reserved seats in village councils. The state also implemented the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 only to a limited extent because most tribal regions in West Bengal are not officially classified as Scheduled Areas. However, the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 significantly improved tribal governance by recognizing individual and community forest rights and involving Gramsabhas in forest management. The establishment and strengthening of the West Bengal Tribal Development Department enhanced the implementation of welfare schemes in education, healthcare, livelihoods, and infrastructure. Tribal advisory mechanisms and development boards were also created to address region-specific issues. Overall, since 1990, tribal governance in West Bengal has become more participatory and development-oriented. Greater representation in local institutions, legal recognition of rights, and targeted welfare initiatives have improved governance, although stronger implementation and increased community empowerment are still needed to achieve inclusive and sustainable tribal development.
An Analytical Study on the Application of Linear Programming Models for Employment Generation in Small-Scale Industries in India
Small-scale industries occupy a strategic position in the Indian economy on account of their considerable contribution to employment generation, industrial output and export earnings, particularly in a labour-abundant and capital-scarce economy such as India. The optimal utilisation of limited resources such as capital, raw material, machine hours and labour is a persistent challenge before small entrepreneurs, and the manner in which these resources are allocated among competing products or activities has a direct bearing on the quantum of employment that can be generated. Linear Programming (LP), a well-established quantitative technique of Operations Research, offers a structured mathematical framework through which an optimal product-mix can be arrived at so as to maximise employment generation subject to the resource constraints actually faced by small units. This paper undertakes an analytical study of the applicability of LP models to the problem of employment generation in small-scale industries in India. Using a formulated LP model based on primary data collected from selected small-scale units and secondary data drawn from government publications, the study illustrates how the graphical and simplex methods of Linear Programming can be applied to determine an employment-maximising product-mix, and how sensitivity analysis can inform resource-allocation decisions. The findings indicate that Linear Programming is a practical and readily adoptable decision-support tool for both small entrepreneurs and policy planners engaged in employment planning.
Rewriting the Mahabharata: Mythic Revisionism and Gender in The Palace of Illusions
This paper discusses Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s The Palace of Illusions (2008) as an example of mythic revisionism, which re-narrates the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata from the perspective of its most marginalised central character, Draupadi, renamed Panchaali. Whereas the traditional epic depicts Draupadi as a catalyst for male conflict and dynastic war, told from an external perspective through the voices of sages, warriors, and kings, Divakaruni’s retelling reconfigures her as the novel's sole narrator, redistributing narrative authority along explicitly gendered lines. The study argues that Divakaruni’s revisionist project is located at the level of both form and content: formally, through the deliberate transformation of a multi-vocal, episodic epic into a sustained first-person novel that grants its female protagonist the kind of psychological interiority that has historically been reserved for epic heroes; and thematically, through the reclamation of Panchaali’s voice at moments of profound gendered violence, most notably her public humiliation in the Kaurava court, where the novel insists on foregrounding her subjective experience rather than its consequences for the men around her. The paper also addresses the more ambiguous area of female desire and agency in the text, following the ways that Panchaali’s personal ambitions, her rebellious intervention in her own swayamvar and her long-held hidden love for Karna, point to a heroine who resists patriarchy even as she is caught in the web of caste, marriage and dynastic obligation that bind her. This study builds on detailed textual analysis and existing feminist work on the novel to argue that Divakaruni's retelling does not just offer a feminist triumphalist narrative, but a more complex re-imagining of myth in which female interiority, voice, and desire, structurally absent from the source epic, are re-inserted without effacing the limitations that still constrain them. Finally, this paper contextualises The Palace of Illusions within contemporary practices of mythological revisionism as a feminist literary strategy.
Work-life Dynamics and Interplay Family Status among Tea Garden workers of Assam: A study
In the tea production India stands one of the significant position in the world and within country Assam produces highest tea production. The tea business in Assam has been playing a significant rule in state economy but work life balance whether public or private life as a major problem among tea garden workers. Work life dynamics are characterized by demanding plantation economy that significantly shapes the family structure and status. This study will be focusing on the family status and working life style of tea estates workers and to study the relationship between family status and work life dynamics. The study will cover the entire working people that have been working in different tea estates in Sonitpur and Biswanath District of Assam. The study found that though tea garden workers make up most of the workforce but they are facing lots of key issues relating to family, socio-economic status, etc. which is very much challenging for maintain work -life dynamics.
Digitalization of Tourism and its Evolution in the Indian context
The tourism industry in India has experienced a significant transformation via digitalization that has redefined destination marketing, travel management and tourist experiences. This exploratory research explores the conceptual dimensions and evolutionary phases of digital tourism in the Indian context through secondary sources such as scientific literature, government reports and tourism policies. The study highlights the emergence of e-tourism, m-tourism, virtual tourism and Tourism 4.0 by integrating technologies such as mobile applications, digital payment systems, virtual reality and online booking platforms. It also discusses about the role of major government initiatives such as Digital India, PRASAD, Swadesh Darshan, NIDHI, PMGDISHA and UPI in accelerating tourism digitalization and enhancing connectivity, access and tourism management. The rapid rise in smart phone and internet usage and the growth of online travel agencies have given a big boost to tourism and economic opportunities in India. However, the sector still has challenges such as cyber insecurity, infrastructure limitations, lack of digital literacy, over-crowding of destinations and fragmented tourism policies. The study concludes that there is a great potential of digitalization to improve the sustainable tourism development and to improve the competitiveness of the Indian tourism industry in the long run.
Smart Classrooms: Current Trends in Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Higher Education
The rapid maturation of generative and adaptive artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is reshaping how universities design learning spaces, deliver instruction, and support students. This paper reviews current trends in the integration of AI into smart classrooms within higher education, drawing on recent industry reports, market analyses, and peer-reviewed literature from 2025 and 2026. It examines five converging trend areas: adaptive learning and intelligent tutoring systems; generative AI teaching assistants and “co-pilot” models of instruction; real-time learning analytics and predictive assessment; Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled physical classroom infrastructure; and automation of administrative and content-creation workloads. The paper further surveys adoption statistics, institutional investment patterns, and the emerging regulatory landscape governing AI use in education. It concludes by outlining persistent challenges — data privacy, algorithmic bias, academic integrity, and equitable access — and identifies directions for future research and institutional practice.
A Conceptual Study on Comparison of Capital Structure of Selected Auto mobile Companies of India
The capital structure is one of the important financial decisions taken by a firm. it is the combination of debt and equity used to finance business operations and long-term investments. A proper capital structure helps a company to minimise its cost of capital, increase profitability, ensure financial stability, and maximise shareholders’ wealth. The Indian auto mobile industry requires huge capital for manufacturing, research and development, technological innovation and business expansion. Therefore, it is essential to choose the right combination of debt and equity for sustainable growth. The paper ends by noting there is no one perfect capital structure for all firms. Each auto mobile company chooses a pattern of financing based on its operating requirements, profitability, opportunities for growth and ability to bear risks. A sound capital structure supports long-term financial performance, builds investor confidence, and improves the company’s competitive position in the marketplace.
Speaking from the Margins: Caste, Gender and Self-Assertion in Select Dalit Autobiographies
The Dalit autobiography has become an important literary, historical and political genre in contemporary Indian literature. Different from traditional autobiography which normally dwells on individual personality's development and achievements, Dalit autobiography is one that is linked to the collective experiences of socially marginalised communities. The present paper focuses on the portrayal of caste oppression, gender discrimination, poverty, educational exclusion and resistance in the works of Omprakash Valmiki's Joothan and Sharankumar Limbale's The Outcaste, Bama's Sangati and Baby Kamble's The Prisons We Broke. Comparatively and analytically, the paper contends that Dalit autobiographical writing operates as testimony and counter-narrative to the dominant versions of Indian society which obscure or naturalize the inequality of caste. The chosen writers turn oppression, being an untouchable, feeling hungry, living in a segregated society, working by birth and feeling humiliated by institutions into resources for critical knowledge. Gender is a special focus in Sangati and The Prisons We Broke, as Dalit women are at the centre of the exploitation and struggle with respect to caste, poverty and patriarchy, as well as becoming workers, storytellers, and subjects of resistance. The paper also examines how education and Ambedkarite consciousness helps to empower the marginalized to reframe humiliation as injustice and silence as a state to be challenged. It argues that the chosen autobiographies transcend the personal anguish and establish a collective voice that is based on dignity, memory, self-respect and social change.
A Historical and Policy Oriented Analysis of Water Challenges in Assam from Ancient Times to Present
Assam, located in the Brahmaputra valley of Northeast India, represents a distinctive and historically rich case in the environmental and water history of South Asia. The region is endowed with abundant water resources in the form of major rivers, numerous tributaries, wetlands, high monsoonal rainfall, and groundwater reserves. These hydrological features have historically sustained agriculture, fisheries, inland navigation, trade, and dense patterns of human settlement. At the same time, Assam has been persistently shaped by water-related challenges such as recurrent floods, severe riverbank erosion, shifting river courses, wetland degradation, and periodic scarcity of safe drinking water. These challenges have produced long-term patterns of vulnerability, displacement, and socio-economic insecurity, particularly among the floodplains and riverine communities. This paper examines the evolution of water challenges in Assam from ancient and medieval periods especially during the Ahom rule through colonial flood-control policies and post-independence engineering interventions, and into the contemporary era marked by climate change, urbanization, and rapid socio-economic transformation. Drawing upon historical chronicles, secondary historical scholarship, government reports, and contemporary scientific studies, the paper adopts an interdisciplinary approach that integrates environmental history with policy analysis. It highlights how pre-colonial adaptive strategies emphasized coexistence with dynamic river systems, while colonial and modern interventions increasingly sought to control rivers through embankments and large-scale infrastructure. The paper argues that many present-day water challenges in Assam are not entirely new, but represent historical continuities shaped by past governance choices and development paradigms. In the context of climate change, which is intensifying hydrological extremes and uncertainty, the study emphasizes the importance of historically informed, adaptive, and participatory approaches to water governance. By bridging historical experience with contemporary policy debates, the paper contributes to the environmental history of Northeast India and offers policy-relevant insights for building resilient and equitable water futures in flood-prone regions.
Judicial Trends in Biotechnology Patent Infringement Cases in India
The biotechnology sector has emerged as a critical driver of innovation in healthcare, agriculture, and industrial processes, making patent protection indispensable for safeguarding investments in research and development. In India, biotechnology patent infringement disputes have gained prominence with the expansion of biopharmaceuticals, genetically modified organisms, and molecular diagnostic technologies. This study examines the evolving judicial trends in biotechnology patent infringement cases, focusing on the interpretation and application of the Patents Act, 1970, by Indian courts. It analyzes key judicial decisions concerning patent validity, infringement standards, scope of claims, compulsory licensing, and the balance between proprietary rights and public interest. The paper further evaluates the influence of international intellectual property norms and TRIPS obligations on Indian jurisprudence. Through a doctrinal analysis of landmark judgments, the study highlights the judiciary’s role in fostering innovation while ensuring access to essential technologies and medicines. It concludes that Indian courts have adopted a balanced and pragmatic approach in resolving biotechnology patent disputes.
Hate Speech in India: History, Constitutional Limits and Legal Regulation
Hate speech is one of the most difficult problems in a constitutional democracy. Freedom of speech and expression is protected under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India, but this freedom is not absolute. The Constitution permits reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2). Hate speech creates a direct conflict between liberty and social responsibility. On one side, citizens must be free to speak, criticise, debate and disagree. On the other side, speech that spreads hatred against communities may harm public order, equality, dignity and fraternity. India does not have one single law which defines hate speech in a complete manner. Instead, different provisions under criminal law, election law and information technology law deal with different forms of hateful, inflammatory and communal speech. This article studies the history of hate speech regulation in India, its constitutional foundation, the legal framework under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the role of courts, digital hate speech, election-related hate speech and the need for reform. The article argues that India requires a balanced approach: hate speech must be controlled, but genuine criticism, dissent, academic discussion and political speech must remain protected.
The Damage Done to Minds: Reading Ashis Nandy's The Intimate Enemy as a Psychology of Colonial Rule
Ashis Nandy's The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of Self under Colonialism (1983) stands apart in postcolonial studies. Where most scholars have focused on political economies and administrative systems, Nandy turned his attention to something harder to measure but just as real: what colonialism does to the human psyche. This paper argues that Nandy's book offers a distinctive and still-relevant framework for understanding how colonial rule doesn't just exploit bodies but reshapes minds—sometimes permanently. Drawing on psychoanalysis, cultural criticism, and biographical sketches of figures like Kipling, Aurobindo, and Gandhi, Nandy shows that modern colonialism succeeds less through military power than through its ability to create new hierarchies that the colonized come to accept as natural. His work makes three lasting contributions: it treats colonialism as a shared culture that damages both sides of the relationship; it analyzes how colonial domination works through gender, feminizing the colonized man; and it offers a path toward psychological resistance through what Nandy calls the "uncolonized mind." The paper closes by asking what Nandy's psychology of colonialism might still teach us about globalization and neocolonialism today.
Visualizing Holistic Student Assessment: A Novel Algorithm for Radial Report Card Diagram
The thorough evaluation of learner’s overall development has become a key component of contemporary education. Traditional report cards sometimes ignore important aspects like social, emotional, and physical development while placing a heavy emphasis on academic accomplishments. This conceptual research article fills the void by introducing an original technique made to create report cards based on radial diagrams. These report cards provide as thorough visual summaries of learners’ diverse growth throughout their secondary school years. The suggested algorithm's major goal is to present a comprehensive picture of students' cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. Additionally, it combines crucial 21st-century skills, encouraging an all-encompassing evaluation strategy. The computer effectively converts these data points into a radial diagram format by carefully combining data from many assessment techniques and areas. This diagram-based method provides a comprehensive view of student development that goes beyond only academic achievements. This research explores the theoretical foundations of holistic evaluation and emphasizes how crucial it is in determining students' overall progress. It goes into the algorithm's design considerations, data integration methods, and prospective effects on stakeholders in education. The suggested algorithm offers the possibility of revolutionizing the evaluation and communication of student achievement, giving educators, parents, and students a thorough understanding of progress and paving the way for a more fulfilling educational experience.
Impact of Eco-Tourism on Sariska Tiger Reserve: Opportunities and Challenges
Ecotourism represents a sustainable approach to tourism that balances environmental conservation with economic development. This study examines the impact of ecotourism on Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan, India. The paper analyzes both positive and negative impacts, including economic growth, biodiversity conservation, environmental pressure, and human-wildlife conflict. Using secondary data, graphical analysis, and tabular representation, the study evaluates tourism trends from 2010 to 2022 and corresponding ecological responses. The findings reveal that ecotourism has significantly contributed to local livelihoods and conservation funding, but increasing tourist pressure has created measurable ecological stress, including habitat disturbance and altered wildlife behavior. The study concludes that sustainable management practices—such as carrying capacity control, community participation, and eco-friendly infrastructure—are essential for maintaining long-term ecological balance while continuing to derive economic benefits.
Nyaya Over Danda: An Analysis of the Legal and Constitutional Rights of Prisoners under the Prisons Act, 1894 and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023
Crime is committed everywhere in the world so, punishment for criminal is a recognized tool to remove the crime from the society. However, the penologist approach to punishment has also drastically changed due to the shifting patterns of contemporary society from the Deterrent approach to Reformative and Rehabilitation approach because as a matter of fact, no one is criminal by birth, it is the circumstances which compel a person to do an unlawful act. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 which was earlier named as The Indian Penal Code, 1860 has also taken a step towards the reformative approach through introduction of ‘Community Service’ as a punishment which aimed to achieving ‘Nyaya’ not ‘Danda’ in the society. This research paper attempts to highlights the historical background of Correctional Institutions in India and the rights of inmates with the help of various Legal and Constitutional provisions and Judicial Pronouncements for the welfare and protection of prisoners right.
Artificial Intelligence in Teacher Education: Towards a Competency Based, Ethically Grounded Conceptual Model
Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming expectations of teachers and teacher education, shifting practice from basic technology integration towards complex forms of AI literacy, human–AI collaboration, and ethical responsibility. Emerging research shows that pre service and in service teachers increasingly encounter AI tools such as generative AI, learning analytics dashboards, and intelligent tutoring systems, yet often possess only moderate AI related competencies and limited guidance on ethical, pedagogically sound use. At the same time, global and national frameworks, including UNESCO’s AI Competency Framework for Teachers and policy reforms such as India’s National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, are beginning to define AI related teacher competencies but remain unevenly implemented in teacher education programmes (Ministry of Education, 2020; UNESCO, 2024). This conceptual paper synthesises recent empirical studies, systematic reviews, umbrella reviews, and policy documents on AI in teacher education and AI literacy to propose a competency based, ethically grounded conceptual model for AI integration in teacher preparation. Using a narrative, theory informed review of AI literacy frameworks, pre service teacher AI competence studies, conceptual work on human–AI hybrid pedagogy, and current debates on AI ethics in education, the paper identifies four interrelated dimensions: (a) AI related teacher competencies, (b) human–AI hybrid pedagogy, (c) ethical and equity-oriented governance, and (d) institutional and policy alignment. The model positions AI as augmenting—rather than replacing—teachers’ professional judgement and relational work and emphasises safeguarding human agency, inclusion, and academic integrity. Implications are drawn for curriculum design, professional development, assessment, and future research agendas in teacher education, particularly in contexts undergoing system reform such as India under NEP 2020.
Archaeological Analysis of Temple Architecture and Sculpture in Jharkhand (1200–1750 AD)
Between 1200 and 1750 AD, the development of temple architecture and sculpture in Jharkhand emerged as an important cultural process, clearly reflecting the influence of regional traditions, religious diversity, and political patronage. During this period, the rulers of the Nagvanshi, Chero, and Singhbhum regions patronized art and architecture, resulting in the evolution of a distinctive architectural style through the synthesis of the Nagara style and local tribal architecture. The temples prominently featured elements such as lofty shikharas (spires), garbhagriha (sanctum), and mandapas (pillared halls), while materials like sandstone, granite, and bricks were used in construction. Sculpture from this period shows the integration of Hindu, Jain, and tribal beliefs, with prominent depictions of Shiva, Vishnu, Durga, Ganesha, and Jain Tirthankaras. Archaeological evidence from sites such as Chutia, Benisagar, Anjandham, Deoghar, and Ramgarh confirms the rich artistic tradition of this era. These sculptures exhibit fine craftsmanship, balance, and symbolic expression. Abstract in Hindi Language: 1200-1750 ई. के मध्य झारखंड में मंदिर स्थापत्य और मूर्तिकला का विकास एक महत्वपूर्ण सांस्कृतिक प्रक्रिया के रूप में उभरकर सामने आता है, जिसमें क्षेत्रीय परंपराओं, धार्मिक विविधता और राजनीतिक संरक्षण का प्रभाव स्पष्ट रूप से देखा जा सकता है। इस काल में नागवंशी, चेरो और सिंहभूम के शासकों ने कला और स्थापत्य को संरक्षण प्रदान किया, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप नागर शैली तथा स्थानीय आदिवासी वास्तुकला के समन्वय से एक विशिष्ट स्थापत्य शैली विकसित हुई। मंदिरों में ऊँचे शिखर, गर्भगृह और मंडप जैसे तत्व प्रमुख थे, जबकि निर्माण में बलुआ पत्थर, ग्रेनाइट और ईंटों का उपयोग किया गया। मूर्तिकला में हिंदू, जैन और जनजातीय आस्थाओं का समावेश मिलता है, जिसमें शिव, विष्णु, दुर्गा, गणेश तथा जैन तीर्थंकरों की प्रतिमाएँ प्रमुख हैं। चूटिया, बेनिसिगर, अंजनधाम, देवघर और रामगढ़ जैसे स्थलों से प्राप्त पुरातात्विक साक्ष्य इस काल की समृद्ध कला परंपरा को प्रमाणित करते हैं। इन मूर्तियों में सूक्ष्म नक्काशी, संतुलन और प्रतीकात्मकता का उत्कृष्ट प्रदर्शन देखने को मिलता है। Keywords: झारखंड, मंदिर स्थापत्य, मूर्तिकला, नागवंशी, नागर शैली, पुरातत्व, जनजातीय संस्कृति, और धार्मिक समन्वय
The Utopian Paradox: Factual Constraints, Governance Dynamics, and the Critique of the Minimal State
This paper provides a critical examination of the feasibility of utopian states by synthesizing theoretical constructs with empirical and historical realities. It investigates the inherent tensions between utopian idealism and factual considerations such as human nature, economic viability, and resource scarcity. Furthermore, the study explores the "excitement gap" between the expansive visions of utopian theory and the restrained framework of the minimal state. By evaluating historical precedents and pragmatic constraints, the research aims to determine whether a state exceeding the minimal conception can be justified or sustained in the complex dynamics of the actual world.
Menstrual Distress amongst Females in Gwalior, India: A pilot study
Menstrual distress is experienced differently by different females. While some may report negligible distress; others may report extreme levels of distress. Tools used for assessing menstrual distress have been developed in other countries and used accordingly. In India, menstrual distress forms were developed in 1989 by Chandra and Chaturvedi at National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore. This paper’s author has adapted and modified these forms for the Gwalior region to assess menstrual distress as a part of her Doctoral work, which are now called Modified Menstrual Distress Forms (MMDF). Findings of the pilot phase using MMDF which was administered on females in their reproductive years are mentioned. Participants’ feedback indicated the feasibility of using the same. It is hoped that the observed patterns of menstrual distress in this pilot study may be of help to the author while conducting the main study.
Girmit History and Diasporic Consciousness in the Writings of Satendra Nandan
The system of indentured labour, commonly referred to as Girmit in Fiji, emerged in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 as a colonial mechanism to sustain plantation economies. Although presented as a contractual labour arrangement, the system replicated many oppressive features of slavery. This paper examines the historical evolution of the girmit system, the lived experiences of Indian indentured labourers in Fiji, and the cultural and psychological consequences of their displacement. It further explores the diasporic consciousness articulated in the literary works of Satendra Nandan, whose poetry and prose recover the silenced histories of the girmityas. By analysing Nandan’s major poems and autobiographical reflections, the paper argues that girmit history represents both trauma and transformation, contributing to the formation of Indo-Fijian identity. The study highlights the importance of memory, narrative, and literary representation in reclaiming marginalized histories and reinterpreting indenture as a site of resilience rather than mere victimhood.
Impact of Climate Change on Indian Water Resources: A GIS and Remote Sensing Approach
Climate change has significantly impacted India's water resources, affecting rainfall patterns, river flows, groundwater levels, and overall water availability. Rising temperatures, erratic monsoons, and glacier retreat in the Himalayas have exacerbated water scarcity and increased the frequency of droughts and floods. This study explores the role of GIS and remote sensing technologies in assessing and managing these climate-induced changes. By analyzing satellite imagery, hydrological models, and spatial data, GIS provides insights into river basin dynamics, groundwater depletion, and land-use changes, enabling better decision-making for water conservation. Case studies on major river basins like Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Godavari highlight the practical applications of these technologies. The paper also discusses government policies and adaptation strategies to mitigate climate risks. Integrating remote sensing with sustainable water management practices is essential to ensure India’s long-term water security and resilience against climate change.
The Concept of Eternity in Western Philosophy: A Philosophical Analysis
This essay traces the evolution of the idea of eternity from Ancient Greek metaphysics to modern philosophical debate, providing a thorough philosophical study of the term within the Western intellectual tradition. I contend that eternity has consistently been understood as a qualitatively unique way of existence that transcends time, change, and finitude rather than being merely an extension of chronological duration. The research looks at how classical philosophy developed the fundamental contrast between time and eternity, starting with the Presocratic and Platonic stress on permanence and unchangeable essence. Eternity becomes fundamental to theological metaphysics in medieval thought, especially in the writings of Augustine, Boethius, and Thomas Aquinas, who conceptualize it as a timeless and perfect present connected to divine immutability. The essay then critically examines early modern viewpoints, emphasizing Locke’s empiricist reconfiguration of eternity in relation to human experience and cognition as well as the rationalist reinterpretation of eternity in Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz. Lastly, I discuss modern and current philosophy, where philosophers like Bergson, Heidegger, Hegel, and Kant redefine or problematize eternity within dialectical, phenomenological, and epistemological frameworks. I show that the idea of eternity is still a major but contentious issue using this historical and analytical method, reflecting the changing interaction between time, being, and human knowledge. The study comes to the conclusion that eternity still serves as a crucial philosophical perspective that encourages continuous contemplation of the boundaries of temporality and the nature of ultimate reality.
Ahimsa as a Universal Ethical Principle: Gandhian Perspective
This paper critically investigates the idea of ahimsa as a universal ethical standard within Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophical framework. Gandhi reinterprets ahimsa as a dynamic and all-encompassing moral philosophy based on truth (satya), love, and moral responsibility, despite its origins in ancient Indian religious traditions. The study examines the philosophical underpinnings of Gandhian ahimsa, highlighting its constructive and proactive nature as a catalyst for both social and personal development. It examines the inherent connection between ahimsa and satyagraha in more detail, showing how moral persuasion and self-suffering can make nonviolence an effective means of resisting injustice. The study also emphasizes the ethical aspects of ahimsa, including its focus on compassion, inner discipline, and the purity of thought and behaviour. Furthermore, the universalism of ahimsa is analysed in terms of how it can be used in many cultural, social, and political situations, making it a pertinent concept for dealing with current world issues. The study makes the case that Gandhian ahimsa overcomes its conventional constraints and provides a comprehensive framework for promoting peace, justice, and human dignity by fusing ethical theory with real-world action. In the end, this research argues that Gandhi’s concept of ahimsa is a living, transformational principle that may direct both individual behaviour and group life in a world that is becoming more complicated and conflict-ridden.
The Philosophy of Divine Love: A Comparative Study of Sufi Mysticism and Bhakti Movement
The idea of divine love as expressed in Sufi mysticism and the Bhakti movement is examined in this essay, along with the similarities and differences in its conception, application, and moral implications. I examine how Sufi mystics view divine love (ʿIshq e Haqiqi) as a transformational force that dissolves the ego and joins the seeker with the transcendent Absolute, cultivating moral virtues and spiritual insight, using a comparative perspective. The Bhakti tradition, on the other hand, integrates moral living with emotional closeness and group involvement, emphasizing a personal, relational, and reciprocal devotion (prema) toward a particular deity. Despite having different metaphysical underpinnings, both faiths are deeply committed to the transformational power of love and use ritual expression, poetry, and devotional activities to foster communal harmony as well as individual spiritual fulfilment. The study also explores the spiritual and ethical ramifications of divine love, emphasizing how these customs foster moral involvement, inclusion, and compassion in both individual and societal contexts. The philosophical insights of Sufi and Bhakti love provide a compelling model for interpersonal empathy, moral behaviour, and communal togetherness in modern circumstances characterized by cultural variety, social fragmentation, and existential ambiguity. The paper shows that divine love is not just a devotional feeling but a dynamic ethical and spiritual principle with ongoing relevance by placing mystical devotion within both historical and contemporary frameworks. This comparison highlights how the pursuit of divine love can both elevate the individual and promote social development. Sufi and Bhakti traditions offer ageless patterns of ethical and spiritual transformation.
Values of Varnashrama in Present Time: A Critical Study
This work critically evaluates Varnashrama and its relevance in modern culture. I think Varnashrama, which combines Varna (social categorization) and Ashrama (life stages), is one of the most prominent socio-ethical theories in traditional Indian philosophy. The system traditionally assigned duties and obligations based on individual capacities and life stages to create a balanced social order. The Vedas, Dharmashastras, and Bhagavad Gita establish Varnashrama as a moral framework for social harmony, ethical discipline, and spiritual growth. The system gradually developed tight social structures, primarily through inherited caste divides that impeded social mobility and promoted social inequality. This paper examines the Varnashrama framework’s philosophical ideals and critical problems. The research examines traditional Varna and Ashrama, its ethical standards, and modern intellectuals’ and social reformers’ objections. Modern researchers’ attempts to redefine the notion in line with democratic norms are highlighted. The ancient system’s hierarchical structure conflicts with modern values of equality and human dignity, but its ethical values—duty, discipline, social responsibility, and spiritual development; remain important. The study proposes reinterpreting Varnashrama’s ethical principles within modern social justice and democratic norms rather than conserving its rigid social structure. A critical reinterpretation can help explain how ancient philosophical ideas can constructively connect with modern ethical debate.
The Ethics of Life and Death: Philosophical Reflections on Euthanasia and Human Rights
This dissertation critically analyzes important philosophical traditions and contemporary human rights discourse to assess the ethical complications of euthanasia. I believe the euthanasia discussion is a moral inquiry into autonomy, dignity, and the value of human life, not just medical practice or legal policy. To avoid ethical ambiguity, the study defines euthanasia as voluntary, non-voluntary, involuntary, active, and passive. The article examines the importance of autonomy in the right to die and the psychological factors that may limit true decision. While critically examining the sanctity-of-life theory as a source of moral constraint, the study emphasizes its continued relevance in protecting human dignity. The utilitarian and consequentialist viewpoints are examined for their focus on suffering and well-being, highlighting their compassion and potential hazards. As patient-centered care and life-sustaining technology progress, medical ethics and professional duty are examined. I propose a nuanced, pluralistic approach to euthanasia, balancing individual autonomy with greater moral obligations and restrictions. This study aims to make life and death more thoughtful and empathetic in the changing human rights situation.
Tradition and Modernity: Reinterpreting the Concept of Purdah in Contemporary Islamic Thought
In order to redefine the meaning of purdah through historical, theological, and sociocultural lenses, this study critically investigates the notion within the larger context of tradition and modernity in contemporary Islamic thought. Purdah, in my opinion, is a dynamic concept formed by changing interpretations of Islamic texts, cultural customs, and outside influences rather than a static or monolithic institution. The study examines the historical underpinnings of purdah, emphasizing its pre-Islamic roots and how interpretive traditions later integrated it into Islamic social and legal discourses. It also examines how, over time, institutionalized practices of seclusion and gender segregation evolved from traditional theological understandings of modesty (ḥayāüge). The study examines how globalization, education, and shifting socioeconomic circumstances have altered the practice and perception of purdah in light of contemporary issues, especially with regard to women’s agency and involvement in public life. The study makes the case that many conventional interpretations reflect historically situational patriarchal systems rather than the ethical essence of Islamic teachings, drawing on feminist and reformist studies. As a result, it promotes a contextual and hermeneutically grounded reinterpretation that harmonizes purdah with core Islamic principles like equality, justice, and dignity. In the end, the study suggests that a more nuanced understanding of purdah’s function in modern Muslim societies can be achieved by rethinking it through a balanced engagement with tradition and modernity, fostering an approach that is both faithful to religious principles and responsive to current realities.