Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary
type: channel
description: UGC Guidelines on Peer-Reviewed Journals Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary (RRIJM) having ISSN 2583-0031 (online) is a refereed online journal dedicated to the publishing of scholarly articles from practitioners of and dissenters from international, regional, studies, and it is also dedicated to providing a space for the work in the field of multidisciplinary subjects. This journal publishes high quality papers that engage theoretical and empirical issues in multidisciplinary fields. The journal also features case studies focusing on practical implications, or papers related to learning and teaching in Business and Management, social science and humanities disciplines, and finally, book reviews on recently published books. Most conventional journals publish papers from tightly defined subject areas, making it more difficult for readers from other disciplines to read them. RRIJM has no such barriers, which helps your research reach the entire scientific community. Peer Review Process After the article passes the plagiarism checking stage, each manuscript will be reviewed by at least two independent referees who are within the subject area. The journal follows double-blind peer review process. Publication Frequency Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary (RRIJM) is a Quarterly journal and publishes online 4 times in a year. Open Access Policy This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Journal Information Journal Title: Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary (RRIJM) Publication Frequency: Quarterly (4 times in a year) ISSN (Online): 2583-0031 (Online) Impact Factor: 3.69 (calculated by iijif.com) Subject: Business & Management; Social Science and Humanities Languages: English Plagiarism Checker: Turnitin Publication Format: Online Contact No.: +91- 93284 90029 Email: editor@rrijm.com Website: https://…
publisher: Research Review Publication (Reg. No. UDYAM-GJ-14-0031580)
language: en
publication name: Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary
issn: 2583-0031
items: Enhanced L1-Convergence Theorems for Modified Cosine and Sine Series
items: The Practical Value of Buddhist Non-Violence in Contemporary International Conflicts
items: Port Labour Mobilisation and Anti-Colonial Politics in Bengal
items: Modeling the Drivers of Green and Circular Economy Practices and Their Impact on Sustainable Development: Evidence from SEM Analysis
items: Ambedkar’s Role in the Drafting of the Indian Constitution and Its Implications for Dalit Rights: Examining specific provisions aimed at improving the status of Dalits
items: Impact of Water Quality and Pollution Diversity on Fishes and Macrofauna in the Koshi River, Madhepura District, Bihar
items: Impact of Parenting Styles on Emotional Resilience and Coping Mechanisms in Adolescents
items: A Comparative Study on Self Efficacy of Male and Female Teachers Working in Government and Private College of Delhi NCR
items: Gender Inequality in Modern Society
items: Reverse migration: The key for sustainable development in Uttarakhand
items: Swami Vivekanand’s Concepts of freedom
items: The Unquiet Spirit: A Feminist Critique of Conformity and Rebellion in Sudha Murty’s Mahashweta
items: A Study of Gated Communities and High-Rise Apartments in 21st Century Indian Fiction
items: Leadership Perspectives Reflected in the Policies of Ahilyabai Holkar
items: From Protection to Prosecution: A Critical Analysis of the POCSO Act’s Implementation Gaps and Their Impact on Child-Centric Justice in India
items: Impact of Traditional Gender Roles on Female Education in Churachandpur
items: Morality: A Foundational Stone for Viksit Bharat 2047- Analysing the Works of Aravind Adiga
items: The Study of Applications of Real Analysis in Approximation Theory and Numerical Analysis
items: Design of Robust Artificial Intelligence Algorithms through Mathematical Abstraction and Statistical Validation
items: Ethical Education in Buddhist Philosophy: A Historical Study of the Mahaprajapati School of Vaishali from Ancient to Modern
items: Effects of Spin-Orbit Coupling on Magnetic States in Magic-Angle Graphene
items: Sanads and Sovereignties: Indirect Rule, Political Awakening, and the Remaking of Authority in the Shimla Hill States, 1815–1948
items: Urban Survival at Risk: Environmental and Socio-Economic Pressures on Street Children in Delhi
items: Human Resource Challenges in MSMEs in the Tri-City Region
items: Exploring Service Quality and Sustainable Commuter Intentions in Kochi Water Metro
items: Development of Cost-effective, Reliable, and Efficient Cloud-Based Model for Health Monitoring Using IoT
items: Partition and Pastoralism: The Gaddi-Gujjar Conflict in Chamba, 1947
items: Inclusive and Sustainable Rural Sanitation in India
items: Impact of Gender and Education on Mental Health and Academic Stress
items: Caste and Class: Strategic Tools for the Sustenance of Supremacy Analysing the Works of Aravind Adiga and Rohinton Mistry

Enhanced L1-Convergence Theorems for Modified Cosine and Sine Series
type: item
description: This paper builds on previous research that examined the L1-convergence of modified sine and cosine series. We demonstrate enhanced convergence theorems that expand and extend previous results in this domain by incorporating particular novel types of coefficients. The analysis employs summability techniques and revised inequalities to enhance the sufficient requirements for L1-convergence of trigonometric series. These results not only validate previously established theorems but also establish a foundation for a broader framework applicable to an expanded class of modified trigonometric sums. Our findings illuminate the dynamics of convergence in Fourier-type expansions and propose novel avenues for investigation in harmonic analysis and approximation theory.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cosine Series
  topic: keywords
subject: Sine Series
  topic: keywords
subject: Trigonometric Sums
  topic: keywords
subject: Convergence Theorems
  topic: keywords
creator: Brij Pal Singh
creator: Balveer Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 83
ending page: 91
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n04.012

The Practical Value of Buddhist Non-Violence in Contemporary International Conflicts
type: item
description: The usefulness of Buddhist nonviolence in resolving current international crises is critically examined in this essay. I contend that Buddhist non-violence provides not only a moral ideal but also a cogent philosophical and practical framework for conflict transformation in the twenty-first century, drawing on central Buddhist ideas like ahimsa (non-harming), karuṇā (compassion), and pratītyasamutpāda (dependent origination). Buddhist philosophy offers a multifaceted explanation of conflict that goes beyond actual fighting to include structural injustice, systemic inequity, and ideological polarization by placing violence within the psychological foundations of greed, hatred, and illusion. This study shows how Buddhist non-violence challenges state-centric and power-driven paradigms by emphasizing ethical interdependence, moral responsibility, and relational diplomacy through critical engagement with international relations theory, peace studies, and global justice discourse. The essay goes on to examine the ways in which non-violent resistance movements, humanitarian involvement, and peacebuilding projects have used Buddhist-inspired techniques including mindfulness, restorative dialogue, and compassionate governance. I argue that Buddhist non-violence is still relevant today because it offers a comprehensive route to lasting peace by fusing inner moral development with external structural change. Buddhist non-violence offers a normative and useful alternative that reframes international conflict resolution as a process based on empathy, fairness, and shared human dignity in a world order that is becoming more and more influenced by militarization, economic inequality, and ecological crises.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Non-violence
  topic: keywords
subject: ahimsa
  topic: keywords
subject: international conflicts
  topic: keywords
subject: peacebuilding
  topic: keywords
subject: global justice
  topic: keywords
creator: Manu Das
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 100
ending page: 108
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n02.013

Port Labour Mobilisation and Anti-Colonial Politics in Bengal
type: item
description: In order to show how dock workers and marine labour communities were important players in the larger fight against British colonial power; this study explores the historical relationship between port labour mobilization and anti-colonial politics in Bengal. The paper makes the case that the port of Calcutta served as a hub for imperial trade as well as a vibrant political arena where class consciousness and nationalist sentiment collided, drawing on labour history, colonial economic policy, and nationalist political organizations. A sizable workforce of migrant and casual labourer’s, who endured difficult working conditions, racial discrimination, and exploitative wage systems, was crucial to colonial port administration. Over time, these systemic injustices led to the development of collective complaints, which fuelled organized opposition and labour solidarity. The study shows how labour mobilization in the port industry; via strikes, union activity, and involvement in nationalist movements; helped Bengali working-class communities become more politicized. It also looks at how left-leaning labour groups and nationalist leaders tactically involved port workers, turning labour disputes into more extensive anti-colonial political activism. The book illustrates how economic exploitation under colonial capitalism gave rise to forms of resistance that went beyond strictly industrial demands by examining significant labour unrest moments and their ties to nationalist politics. Thus, the mobilization of port labour symbolized a challenge to imperial authority as well as a fight for workers’ rights. In the end, this study contributes to a better understanding of how class-based movements interacted with nationalist politics in late colonial India and emphasizes the importance of labouring classes in forming Bengal’s anti-colonial public sphere. As a result, the study reframes port labour as an active historical force within the broader context of India’s anti-colonial figh…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Port Labour
  topic: keywords
subject: Anti-Colonial Politics
  topic: keywords
subject: Bengal
  topic: keywords
subject: Labour Mobilisation
  topic: keywords
subject: Colonial Economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Working-Class Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Trade Unionism
  topic: keywords
creator: Ambia Khatun
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2024-03-31
publication date: 2024-03-31
starting page: 127
ending page: 136
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2024.v04.n01.016

Modeling the Drivers of Green and Circular Economy Practices and Their Impact on Sustainable Development: Evidence from SEM Analysis
type: item
description: The growing emphasis on environmental sustainability has compelled small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to adopt green and circular economy practices to enhance long-term performance. This study investigates the influence of regulatory pressure, stakeholder pressure, top management commitment, and technological innovation on green economy practices (GEP) and circular economy practices (CEP), and their subsequent impact on sustainable development performance (SDP). Quantitative research design was employed using convenience sampling, and data were collected from 345 SME respondents. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to test the proposed hypotheses. The results reveal that regulatory pressure and top management commitment significantly influence green economy practices, while stakeholder pressure and technological innovation positively affect circular economy practices. Furthermore, both green and circular economy practices significantly enhance sustainable development performance. The findings highlight the combined role of institutional forces and internal organizational capabilities in driving sustainability transformation within SMEs. The study contributes to sustainability literature by integrating green and circular economy perspectives into a unified framework and offers practical insights for managers and policymakers seeking to strengthen sustainable development outcomes in the SME sector.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Green economy practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Circular economy practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable development performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulatory pressure
  topic: keywords
subject: Technological innovation
  topic: keywords
creator: Shalendra Singh Rao
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 73
ending page: 82
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n04.011

Ambedkar’s Role in the Drafting of the Indian Constitution and Its Implications for Dalit Rights: Examining specific provisions aimed at improving the status of Dalits
type: item
description: Due to the fact that he was the primary architect of the Indian Constitution, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was essential in the formation of the legal and social framework that India maintained after it gained its independence. The provisions of the Constitution, which are expressly focused at improving the position of Dalits and other underprivileged populations, are a reflection of his great dedication to social justice and equality. The contributions that Ambedkar made to the process of creating the constitution are the subject of this paper. Particular attention is paid to important constitutional articles, such as Article 17, which does away with the practice of untouchability, and Article 46, which supports the educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. In addition, Ambedkar’s ideal of an inclusive society is highlighted by the incorporation of reservations in areas such as education, employment, and political representation. Through an examination of the consequences of these provisions, the paper evaluates the influence that they have had on the socio-economic conditions of Dalits over the course of several decades. The research illustrates the ongoing obstacles and advances that have been made in the process of bringing Ambedkar’s vision of social justice into reality. This is accomplished through a critical assessment of legislative measures and judicial interpretations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Constitution
  topic: keywords
subject: Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Employment
  topic: keywords
subject: Inclusive society
  topic: keywords
creator: Kafiullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 62
ending page: 65
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2023.v03.n04.008

Impact of Water Quality and Pollution Diversity on Fishes and Macrofauna in the Koshi River, Madhepura District, Bihar
type: item
description: The current research paper looks at how the deterioration and diversity of the water quality and pollution have affected fish and the aquatic macrofaunal fauna of the Koshi River around the Madhepura district in Bihar. The Koshi River is a very dynamic river-floodplain system which lies in the North Bihar region and has a crucial ecological and socio economic application because it has supported fisheries, agriculture and livelihoods of the locals. Nevertheless, the growing human activities like agricultural runoff, household sewage effluent, sand mining, and heavy application of fertilizers and pesticides have caused dramatic harm to water quality especially in tributaries and abandoned channels (Dhars). Through the analysis of various physico-chemical parameters measured during the period of 2020 to 2025, it is possible to discuss high turbidity, high biochemical oxygen demand, variable levels of dissolved oxygen, high levels of nutrients and new microplastic pollution. These have negatively impacted aquatic biodiversity because they have changed the conditions of the habitat, food webs, and also caused physiological stress in aquatic organisms. Ecological homogenization is shown by ichthyofaunal evaluation of a gradual displacement of sensitive, economically valuable species such as Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, and Wallago attu by small, pollution-resistant species, including Puntius sophore and Mystus vittatus. Siltation, organic pollution, and metal toxicity significantly negatively affect aquatic macrofauna, including mollusks and bivalves, as well as insect larvae, which are indeed sensitive bioindicators of the well-being of the ecosystem. Seasonal changes also indicate that there are increased biodiversity in winter when water conditions are relatively constant.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Koshi River
  topic: keywords
subject: Water quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Pollution diversity
  topic: keywords
subject: Fish diversity
  topic: keywords
subject: Aquatic macrofauna
  topic: keywords
subject: Bioindicators
  topic: keywords
subject: Fertilizers
  topic: keywords
subject: Catla catla
  topic: keywords
subject: Labeo rohita
  topic: keywords
subject: Cirrhinus mrigala
  topic: keywords
creator: Bhagwat Yadav
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 64
ending page: 72
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n04.010

Impact of Parenting Styles on Emotional Resilience and Coping Mechanisms in Adolescents
type: item
description: The parenting styles are very important in determining the emotional resilience and coping mechanisms of adolescents in a critical stage of development characterized by an increased psychological vulnerability. Based on the typology of authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved parenting styles introduced by Baumrind, the current research paper explores the role of differences in parental warmth, control, and communication in determining adolescents to control their emotions and overcome stress. The data were gathered using a quantitative and cross sectional research design and was conducted among adolescents aged 12-19 years using standardized self report measures of perceived parenting styles, emotional resilience and strategies of coping. The statistical analyses of descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression show that authoritative parenting is always related with an increase in emotional resilience and the application of adaptive coping styles like problem-solving, cognitive reappraisal, and seeking social support. Teenagers brought up in authoritative families show reduced levels of emotional responsiveness and increased levels of self-regulation. Conversely, authoritarian parenting demonstrates considerable positive correlations with avoidant coping, emotional suppression, anxiety, and psychological distress, which means that an individual is limited in his or her emotional development. Although permissive parenting is emotionally encouraging, it is associated with the heightened use of emotion-oriented coping and poor self-control because of absence of structure. Uninvolved parenting is something the most harmful, and it is correlated with the existence of maladaptive coping styles, emotional withdrawal, and increased vulnerability to behavioral and psychological issues.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Parenting Styles
  topic: keywords
subject: Emotional Resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: suppression
  topic: keywords
subject: anxiety
  topic: keywords
creator: Manas Jay
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 56
ending page: 63
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n04.009

A Comparative Study on Self Efficacy of Male and Female Teachers Working in Government and Private College of Delhi NCR
type: item
description: This paper illustrates the Self-efficacy level of Teachers working in Government and Private Degree college of Delhi NCR in India. Sample contains 200 teachers 100 from private and 100 from Government College both male and female. Data was statistically examined through descriptive analysis and ANOVA. 4 groups were formed Govt College female teachers, govt College male teachers, private College female and private College male teachers. A Comparative analysis indicates that Self-efficacy of female teachers employed in Government College is highest among all groups with mean score of 177.72, σ 14.617 S.D. and σx̄ 1.827 standard error. The difference in mean score was not significantly established by ANOVA.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Self-efficacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Government College
  topic: keywords
subject: Private College
  topic: keywords
subject: male
  topic: keywords
subject: female
  topic: keywords
creator: Namrata Verma
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 51
ending page: 55
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n04.008

Gender Inequality in Modern Society
type: item
description: Gender inequality remains a persistent social issue affecting societies across the world. Despite progress in education, employment opportunities, and legal rights, disparities between men and women continue to exist in many areas such as wages, leadership positions, access to resources, and social recognition. This research paper examines the sociological factors that contribute to gender inequality in modern society. It explores how cultural norms, traditional gender roles, and institutional structures influence the opportunities available to different genders. The study also highlights the impact of gender inequality on economic development, social justice, and individual well-being. Using existing sociological theories and secondary data, the research analyzes the barriers faced by women and other marginalized gender groups in education, employment, and decision-making processes. The findings suggest that although significant progress has been made toward gender equality, structural and cultural barriers continue to limit equal participation. Addressing gender inequality requires policy reforms, social awareness, and educational initiatives aimed at promoting equal opportunities and inclusive social development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gender Inequality
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender Roles
  topic: keywords
subject: Women Empowerment
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Structure
  topic: keywords
subject: Equality
  topic: keywords
creator: Harleen Kaur
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2024-09-30
publication date: 2024-09-30
starting page: 69
ending page: 72
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2024.v04.n03.009

Reverse migration: The key for sustainable development in Uttarakhand
type: item
description: The formation of Uttarakhand as a separate state occurred in 2000, when it was separated from Uttar Pradesh to address the persistent developmental requirements and regional aspirations of its predominantly mountainous inhabitants. Migration outflows from Uttarakhand constitute a common occurrence, typically emerging as a consequence of the region's precarious resource foundation (encompassing land and forestry), environmental deterioration, and livelihood vulnerabilities. Migration is a process that has been ongoing since ages. People have been migrating in the world for different reasons in different period of time. Migration is an important issue that deserves serious attention of the people in general and the governments both central and state government in particular because no developmental schemes can succeed in a society absent of creative manpower. Tourism constitutes a fundamental pillar of Uttarakhand's economy, contributing substantially to the state's gross domestic product through diverse recreational and cultural activities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Livelihood
  topic: keywords
subject: Reverse migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable development
  topic: keywords
creator: Sarita Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 48
ending page: 62
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2024.v04.n02.008

Swami Vivekanand’s Concepts of freedom
type: item
description: One of India's most significant thinkers and spiritual guides, Swami Vivekananda, offered a thorough definition of freedom that transcends merely political autonomy. He asserts that genuine freedom has several facets, including moral, intellectual, spiritual, and personal facets. He underlined that developing inner strength, self-discipline, and self-awareness can lead to liberation. According to Vivekananda, independence encompasses more than just the lack of outside influence; it also includes the capacity for responsible behavior, critical thought, and conscience-following. He was a fervent supporter of youth empowerment, urging young people to develop their independence, moral character, and social responsibility, all of which advance society and the country. According to Vivekananda's ideology, social justice and individual freedom are intertwined, and a lack of personal freedom can have an impact on society as a whole. According to his beliefs, education, moral rectitude, and spiritual growth are necessary prerequisites for true freedom. This essay examines the conceptual foundations of Vivekananda's theories of freedom, emphasizing the continued relevance of his notions of inner emancipation and self-realization in modern society. One can see how freedom is a communal duty as well as an internal journey by comprehending his point of view. All things considered, Vivekananda's idea of freedom encourages people to develop ethically, intellectually, and spiritually while also favorably influencing the welfare of the community and the country.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Swami Vivekananda
  topic: keywords
subject: Freedom
  topic: keywords
subject: Spiritual Liberation
  topic: keywords
subject: Self-Reliance
  topic: keywords
subject: Personal Freedom
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: Philosophical Thought
  topic: keywords
creator: Bhanumati Ray
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2022-09-30
publication date: 2022-09-30
starting page: 44
ending page: 47
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2022.v02.n02.007

The Unquiet Spirit: A Feminist Critique of Conformity and Rebellion in Sudha Murty’s Mahashweta
type: item
description: Sudha Murty’s 2005 Kannada novel Mahashweta, translated into English by the author herself, presents a deceptively simple narrative that belies a profound exploration of the patriarchal structures governing Indian society. On the surface, it is the story of a brilliant young woman, Anupama, whose aspirations are systematically crushed by the traditional expectations of her marital home and her medical condition. However, a deeper reading, particularly through the lens of Indian feminist theory, reveals the novel to be a sharp critique of the systemic oppression of women, the commodification of the female body and intellect and the subtle yet potent forms of resistance available to them. By analyzing the characters of Anupama, her husband Anand, the frameworks established by Indian feminist thinkers like Susie Tharu, Tejaswini Niranjana and the concept of streedharma, this paper argues that Sudha Murty’s novel is not merely a tragic tale but a powerful allegory for the silent rebellion of women constrained by patriarchal norms and the ultimate, haunting failure of those norms to contain the female spirit.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mahashweta
  topic: keywords
subject: streedharma
  topic: keywords
subject: patriarchal norms
  topic: keywords
subject: female spirit
  topic: keywords
creator: Prashasti Menon
creator: Vibha Singh Thakur
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 44
ending page: 50
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n04.007

A Study of Gated Communities and High-Rise Apartments in 21st Century Indian Fiction
type: item
description: This paper discuss how 21st -century Indian fiction has used the gated communities and high rise apartments as important socio-spatial icons to describe modern life in the city. It is in the context of a high rate of urbanization, globalization and neoliberal economic reforms that the Indian cities have experienced a pronounced change in traditional housing pattern towards an enclosed, vertical and amenity-oriented residential housing. The study uses an interdisciplinary approach to qualitative research based on literary criticism, urban studies, postcolonial theory, and sociology to examine the portrayal of these residential spaces as aspirational, exclusionary, and morally conflictual spaces in contemporary Indian novels and short stories. The textual analysis and thematic examination of the research reveal that a gated community and high-rise apartment building is not only an architectural context but also the metaphor of classes segregation and separation, privatization of space, and globalization of the middle class and the degradation of the communal social life. Although such spaces are associated with security, comfort and upward mobility, fiction has often revealed the fears, alienation, surveillance, and moral hypocrisy inherent in these spaces, the invisibility of hard work that allow elite life to be maintained. The emphasis on tensions between tradition and modernity, inclusivity and exclusion, community and isolation, is brought out by foregrounding characters that inhabit these spaces, or are marginalized by these spaces. The study is therefore addressing a critical gap by demonstrating the way that the Indian fiction in the 21st century is critical of the contemporary urban development and challenges the sustainability of the gated and vertical form of life in producing human and inclusive urban prospects.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gated communities
  topic: keywords
subject: High-rise apartments
  topic: keywords
subject: Indian fiction
  topic: keywords
subject: Urbanization
  topic: keywords
subject: Spatial segregation
  topic: keywords
subject: Neoliberalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Class and identity
  topic: keywords
creator: Deepak Rawal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 36
ending page: 43
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n04.006

Leadership Perspectives Reflected in the Policies of Ahilyabai Holkar
type: item
description: Queen Ahilyabai Holkar was the ruler of Malwa from 1767 to 1795. She brought stability to the Malwa state during her reign through her excellent policies. Born in 1725 in the village of Chaundi in Maharashtra, she was a visionary ruler and a symbol of strong female leadership. She undertook various initiatives for the welfare of her state. Under her leadership, agriculture, irrigation systems, and industries flourished. She made the tax system people-friendly and transparent which strengthened the state's finances. Her economic policy, such as the "Nine-Eleven Law," was a unique initiative. Agricultural and irrigation schemes proved beneficial for farmers. To promote trade, she implemented several measures, such as reducing taxes on trade routes and promoting employment opportunities for local artisans. Furthermore, her administrative approach was also distinctive. She adopted a decentralized administrative system and empowered local officials, creating a transparent governance system in her state. This reflects her impressive administrative leadership. Ahilyabai also initiated several measures for women's empowerment. Her policies symbolized a commitment to justice, prosperity, and social welfare. This study analyzes the leadership perspectives derived from her policies. Her leadership clearly demonstrates numerous leadership qualities such as foresightedness, inclusivity, political acumen, ethics, decision making capability, determination, transparency, flexibility, fearlessness, people centric perspective, economic, administrative, and defense-related skills, which remain relevant for effective leadership in any organization today. Abstract in Hindi Language: मालवा की रानी अहिल्याबाई होलकर ने 1767 से 1795 तक शासन किया। अहिल्याबाई होलकर ने अपने शासनकाल में उत्कृष्ट नीतियों से मालवा राज्य को स्थिरता प्रदान की। उनका जन्म 1725 में महाराष्ट्र के चांऊडी गांव में हुआ था। वे एक दूरदर्शी शासिका और सशक्त महिला नेतृत्व का प्रतीक थीं, जिन्होंने राज्य के कल्याण के लिए कई कार्…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ahilyabai Holkar
  topic: keywords
subject: Leadership perspectives
  topic: keywords
subject: Strong female leadership
  topic: keywords
subject: Administrative policies
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic reforms
  topic: keywords
subject: Nine-Eleven Law
  topic: keywords
subject: woman empowerment
  topic: keywords
creator: Renu Aggarwal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 30
ending page: 35
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n04.005

From Protection to Prosecution: A Critical Analysis of the POCSO Act’s Implementation Gaps and Their Impact on Child-Centric Justice in India
type: item
description: Child sexual abuse (CSA) has been an extensive but grossly underreported vice in India, influenced by the social stigma, family pressure, retaliation fear, and the lack of trust in institutions. Although the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act (POCSO) is a wholesome legal procedure established by the state to ensure that legislation protects children, loopholes between the separation of the law and reality still prevail to frustrate the process of offering effective child-centric justice. In this paper, the author will critically analyze how the POCSO regime has shifted to be more of a protection-oriented policy rather than a prosecution-oriented one. The main aim of the research is to find and examine structural, procedural and institutional failures in the overall implementation of the POCSO Act and evaluate the effect of such failures on the rights, dignity and well-being of child victims. The article is written in the mixed methodological framework, which consists of doctrinal legal review of laws, judicial case laws, and governmental policies and regulations, as well as the empirical information, as represented by the official crime data, government reports, and academic research. This paper concludes that the POCSO Act is a positive move in the field of child protection jurisprudence, which is undermined by the systemic inabilities to implement the law to facilitate justice in a child-centric way. To restore the law to its original child-rights mandate, institutional capacity is needed, as well as trauma-informed practices and rebalancing the prosecution and protection.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Child sexual abuse
  topic: keywords
subject: child-rights
  topic: keywords
subject: protection-oriented
  topic: keywords
subject: child-centric
  topic: keywords
subject: adolescence
  topic: keywords
creator: Insha Khan
creator: Sahil
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 21
ending page: 29
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n04.004

Impact of Traditional Gender Roles on Female Education in Churachandpur
type: item
description: This study explores the impact of traditional gender roles on female education in Churachandpur, a district located in the state of Manipur, India. By examining local cultural beliefs and gender norms, this research aims to understand how societal expectations affect girls' access to education. Drawing upon a mixed-methods approach, including qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys, the study investigates the perspectives of key stakeholders such as church leaders, village chiefs, government employees, academicians, women leaders, and youth. The data is collected from 100 respondents, providing a representative sample from different sectors of the community. The findings reveal that entrenched gender norms and cultural practices significantly hinder girls' educational opportunities, limiting their potential for personal growth and socio-economic advancement. This research highlights the need for a shift in community attitudes toward gender equality in education and calls for targeted interventions to empower girls through education.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gender roles
  topic: keywords
subject: female education
  topic: keywords
subject: traditional norms
  topic: keywords
subject: Churachandpur
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural beliefs
  topic: keywords
subject: mixed-methods research
  topic: keywords
subject: education access
  topic: keywords
creator: Mangminlun Dilip Gangte
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 12
ending page: 20
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n04.003

Morality: A Foundational Stone for Viksit Bharat 2047- Analysing the Works of Aravind Adiga
type: item
description: The vision ‘Viksit Bharat 2047’ is the resolve to make India a developed nation by 2047, the 100th year of its independence. The goal is to be achieved by working on digitalisation, sustainability, and inclusive growth, with panchamrit, i.e., knowledge, people, water, energy, and security, as its focal areas. The term 'developed nation' comprises responsible citizens with high moral values, a spirit of sacrifice and service to humanity, truthfulness, and a non-violent demeanour. And the nation promises every citizen financial, legal and personal security with the extension of fundamental rights. The concept of progress and development has been misunderstood by the people in contemporary times. Progress means attaining materialistic things which are earned by compromising with truthfulness, honesty and ignoring sustainable growth. People are blindly competing to exploit benefits by adopting immoral ways, targeting the needs and innocence of the poor and subjugated sections. The current study highlights the importance of the Indian value system for inclusive growth by pinpointing the loopholes in the criminal justice system, changed perspectives of the young generation with self-centeredness, and an indifferent attitude towards the elderly, the poor and women.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Morality
  topic: keywords
subject: corrupt
  topic: keywords
subject: subjugated
  topic: keywords
subject: development
  topic: keywords
subject: and police
  topic: keywords
creator: Suman Kumari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 07
ending page: 11
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n04.002

The Study of Applications of Real Analysis in Approximation Theory and Numerical Analysis
type: item
description: Real analysis provides the rigorous foundation for understanding fundamental concepts such as limits, continuity, differentiability, sequences, and series, all of which are critical for applied mathematical disciplines. This study explores the integration of real analysis principles into approximation theory and numerical analysis, emphasizing how theoretical insights guide the development of accurate, stable, and efficient computational methods. By analyzing convergence theorems, uniform approximation, and function continuity, the paper demonstrates how real analysis ensures predictable and reliable behavior of numerical algorithms, including iterative methods, interpolation techniques, and numerical integration schemes. Additionally, the study examines the error estimation and stability criteria that are derived from real analysis, highlighting their importance in evaluating the performance of approximation methods. Case studies and practical examples illustrate the direct application of theoretical concepts to computational problem-solving, bridging the gap between abstract mathematics and real world computations. The findings underscore that a strong conceptual understanding of real analysis is indispensable for researchers and practitioners, providing both theoretical rigor and practical utility in solving complex problems in approximation theory, numerical methods, and applied mathematics. This work ultimately contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between pure mathematical theory and computational practice, offering valuable insights for advancing numerical techniques and improving the reliability of approximations in various applied contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Real analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Approximation theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Numerical analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Convergence and stability
  topic: keywords
creator: Rupen Chatterjee
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 44
ending page: 61
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2023.v03.n04.007

Design of Robust Artificial Intelligence Algorithms through Mathematical Abstraction and Statistical Validation
type: item
description: The increasing deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has brought unprecedented opportunities for automation, decision-making, and predictive analytics across multiple domains, including healthcare, finance, robotics, and natural language processing. However, the performance of AI algorithms is often challenged by issues such as overfitting, sensitivity to noisy or incomplete data, and instability in dynamic environments. This paper addresses these challenges by focusing on the design of robust AI algorithms through the combined application of mathematical abstraction and statistical validation. Mathematical abstraction provides a formal framework to represent algorithmic structures, learning objectives, and system constraints. By employing techniques such as convex optimization, linear and nonlinear modeling, and probabilistic representations, AI algorithms can be precisely defined and optimized for efficiency and stability. Statistical validation complements this approach by offering tools to evaluate performance reliability, quantify uncertainty, and ensure generalization across diverse datasets. Techniques such as cross-validation, bootstrapping, hypothesis testing, and probabilistic error estimation allow developers to identify weaknesses in algorithmic performance and reinforce robustness. This study synthesizes peer-reviewed literature, analyzing case studies in supervised learning, reinforcement learning, probabilistic modeling, and predictive analytics. The results indicate that algorithms designed with mathematically rigorous frameworks and statistically validated evaluation consistently outperform those relying solely on empirical or heuristic approaches. Moreover, the integration of these two perspectives provides interpretable solutions, facilitates reliable decision making, and supports scalability in real world applications. Finally, the paper highlights key trade offs between model complexity, computational cost, and predictive stabi…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Robust Artificial Intelligence Algorithms
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematical Abstraction
  topic: keywords
subject: Statistical Validation
  topic: keywords
subject: Algorithm Design
  topic: keywords
creator: Rupen Chatterjee
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 93
ending page: 114
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n03.012

Ethical Education in Buddhist Philosophy: A Historical Study of the Mahaprajapati School of Vaishali from Ancient to Modern
type: item
description: Ethical education is the core of Buddhist philosophical thought for the cultivation of moral discipline, mental purification, and wisdom. Among the early Buddhist educational institutions, the Mahaprajapati School of Vaishali holds an important position because of its emphasis on moral and ethical training and its pioneering role in women’s monastic education. This paper introduces an empirical study of ethical education in Buddhist philosophy through an examination of the Mahaprajapati School of Vaishali. This study explores the ethical ideals, pedagogical methods, and philosophical foundations of this school. This paper argues that the Mahaprajapati School followed the path of an early model of value-oriented education, integrating moral discipline (sila), meditative practice (samadhi), and wisdom (panna) within a structured monastic environment. This study highlights the relevance of this ethical educational model for present scenario discussions on moral education and gender inclusivity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Panna
  topic: keywords
subject: Sila
  topic: keywords
subject: Samadhi
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethical Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Discipline
  topic: keywords
subject: Value-oriented Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Satvir Rao
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 01
ending page: 06
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n04.001

Effects of Spin-Orbit Coupling on Magnetic States in Magic-Angle Graphene
type: item
description: Magic-angle graphene (MAG), formed by twisting two graphene layers at ~1.1°, hosts flat moiré bands that dramatically enhance electron-electron interactions, enabling strongly correlated phenomena such as superconductivity, Mott-like insulating states, and magnetism. The introduction of spin-orbit coupling (SOC), particularly via proximity to transition metal dichalcogenides like WSe₂, profoundly modifies these correlated states. SOC breaks native time-reversal (C₂T) symmetry, induces valley polarization, and enables spin-valley locking, which selectively stabilizes electrons in specific moiré lattice valleys (K or K′). This interplay between SOC and electron correlations drives orbital ferromagnetism, stabilizes magnetic order at both integer and non-integer moiré fillings, and produces a robust anomalous Hall effect (AHE), with hysteretic Rₓᵧ signaling broken time-reversal symmetry and finite Berry curvature. The SOC-induced Rashba and Ising-type interactions lift spin degeneracy, create topologically non-trivial quasi-flat bands, and enable control over magnetic anisotropy via in-plane and out-of-plane fields, including abrupt magnetization sign reversals near half-filling (ν = ±2). These modifications compete with and often suppress superconductivity, while also interacting with Landau levels under perpendicular magnetic fields, leading to complex band reconstructions. The system thus becomes a versatile platform for exploring topology, magnetism, superconductivity, and valleytronics, offering pathways to electrically tunable quantum phases and potential spintronic applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Magic-angle graphene
  topic: keywords
subject: spin-orbit coupling
  topic: keywords
subject: valley polarization
  topic: keywords
subject: orbital ferromagnetism
  topic: keywords
subject: anomalous Hall effect
  topic: keywords
subject: Rashba SOC
  topic: keywords
subject: Ising SOC
  topic: keywords
subject: topological flat bands
  topic: keywords
creator: Monika Bidhan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 86
ending page: 92
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n03.011

Sanads and Sovereignties: Indirect Rule, Political Awakening, and the Remaking of Authority in the Shimla Hill States, 1815–1948
type: item
description: This article examines how indirect rule, formalized through sanads (letters patent) and a layered apparatus of administrative oversight, reshaped sovereignty, governance, and political life in the Shimla Hill States from the Anglo-Gurkha War to the integration of the states into the Indian Union. It traces the emergence of British paramountcy after 1815, the consolidation of control through succession recognition, adoption policies, and disciplinary interventions, and the growing administrative rationalization of law, revenue, and forestry. It argues that the British cultivated a paradoxical settlement: local rulers retained ceremonial authority and limited autonomy even as their sovereign powers were narrowed by legal and bureaucratic constraints. Far from producing political quietism, this settlement catalyzed a public sphere in the hills, especially after 1919, when education, mobility, and the spread of nationalist ideas enabled the formation of Praja Mandals and civil society agitation against autocracy, begar, and restrictive forest regimes. Drawing on scholarship on the Indian princes, environmental governance, and imperial legalities, the article situates the Shimla Hill States within a broader historiography of layered sovereignty, resource extraction, and democratic awakening. It concludes that indirect rule in the western Himalaya simultaneously stabilized British power and seeded the very political consciousness—rooted in legality, rights-talk, and organizational forms—that complicated princely authority and smoothed post-1947 integration into a democratic republic (Ramusack; Copland; Singh; Sivaramakrishnan).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sanads
  topic: keywords
subject: Sovereignties
  topic: keywords
subject: Political Awakening
  topic: keywords
subject: Authority
  topic: keywords
subject: paradoxical settlement
  topic: keywords
creator: Lekh Raj Sharma
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 77
ending page: 85
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n03.010

Urban Survival at Risk: Environmental and Socio-Economic Pressures on Street Children in Delhi
type: item
description: This paper examines how street children in Delhi negotiate survival under the combined weight of environmental hazards and socio‑economic marginalisation. Rather than treating “street children” as an isolated or deviant category, the study situates their lives within broader processes of rural distress, migration, informal labour, and speculative urbanisation. Drawing on secondary research, NGO studies, legal frameworks, and urban/environmental reports, the paper analyses how poverty, family breakdown, caste and community hierarchies, and exploitative informal work push children into public spaces, while Delhi’s toxic air, extreme heat and cold, unsafe shelter, poor sanitation, and hazardous built environments amplify their vulnerability. Using concepts of urban marginality, structural violence, social exclusion, and everyday risk, it argues that street children experience a dense web of overlapping harms that are structurally produced rather than individually chosen. The paper also evaluates the state’s legal and policy response—juvenile justice, child protection schemes, shelters, and education rights—and the vital but constrained role of NGOs in providing contact points and partial safety nets. It concludes that meaningful change requires integrating urban planning, environmental regulation, and child protection, and recognising street children as rights‑bearing citizens whose bodies currently absorb the hidden costs of Delhi’s development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: street children
  topic: keywords
subject: Delhi
  topic: keywords
subject: urban marginality
  topic: keywords
subject: structural violence
  topic: keywords
subject: environmental risk
  topic: keywords
subject: informal labour
  topic: keywords
subject: child rights
  topic: keywords
creator: Kapil Dev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 65
ending page: 76
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n03.009

Human Resource Challenges in MSMEs in the Tri-City Region
type: item
description: This study examined the major human resource challenges faced by Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the Tri-City region. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire distributed among MSME employees, and reliability and factor analyses were conducted using SPSS. The results revealed a high reliability score Cronbach’s alpha 0.843 and an adequate sampling value KMO 0.704. Three key factors emerged—Skill Development and Manpower Acquisition, Employee Relations and Industrial Issues, and Government Support and Industrial Relations which together explained 73.29 percent of the total variance. The findings indicated that MSMEs struggled to upgrade employee skills, faced manpower shortages, and encountered industrial challenges such as unreasonable employee demands and unrest. Although some government support existed, it remained insufficient to address workforce-related issues effectively. Overall, the study highlighted the need for targeted training programs, better industrial relations, and stronger institutional support to enhance MSME growth and sustainability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: MSMEs
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Resource Challenges
  topic: keywords
subject: Skill Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Employee Retention
  topic: keywords
subject: Recruitment
  topic: keywords
creator: Pardeep Kumar
creator: A.K. Vashisht
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 50
ending page: 56
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n03.007

Exploring Service Quality and Sustainable Commuter Intentions in Kochi Water Metro
type: item
description: Public transportation is the lifeline of urban economies, playing a crucial role in sustainability, accessibility, and overall quality of life. As urban congestion continues to rise, cities in India are grappling with the challenge of managing rapid growth while being ecologically responsible. The Kochi Water Metro, introduced by Kochi Metro Rail Limited (KMRL), is a groundbreaking initiative as India’s first integrated water-based public transport system, designed to provide sustainable, efficient, and user-friendly mobility options. This study delves into how various aspects of service quality—like tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy—affect the behavioral intentions of passengers using the Kochi Water Metro. By applying the SERVQUAL model and gathering data from 204 participants through a structured questionnaire, the research explores the impact of perceived service quality on commuter satisfaction and loyalty. To test the hypotheses, statistical methods such as correlation and regression analyses are utilized. The findings aim to assist policymakers and KMRL in enhancing service delivery, boosting commuter satisfaction, and better integrating water-based transport into broader sustainable urban mobility frameworks. Keywords: Service Quality, Behavioral Intention, SERVQUAL, Kochi Water Metro, Sustainable Transport, Public Transit.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Service Quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Behavioural Intention
  topic: keywords
subject: SERVQUAL
  topic: keywords
subject: Kochi Water Metro
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable Transport
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Transit
  topic: keywords
creator: M.J Christy George
creator: Riya Mary
creator: John Mathew
creator: Liya Peter
creator: A Y Eleena
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 41
ending page: 49
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n03.006

Development of Cost-effective, Reliable, and Efficient Cloud-Based Model for Health Monitoring Using IoT
type: item
description: The rapid evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing has revolutionized the healthcare domain by enabling continuous, real-time, and remote monitoring of patients. However, existing systems often suffer from high implementation costs, limited scalability, and unreliable data processing. This research proposes a cost-effective, reliable, and efficient cloud-based health monitoring model that integrates IoT devices with machine learning techniques for predictive healthcare analytics. The system uses K-Means clustering to detect anomalies in physiological data and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) for classification to identify health conditions accurately. Experimental results on a real ECG dataset (4,998 samples) show 98.30% classification accuracy, 98.75% training accuracy, and a Silhouette Score of 0.37, indicating moderately distinct clusters. The model offers real-time, scalable, and adaptable performance suitable for deployment in both clinical and remote healthcare settings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: IoT
  topic: keywords
subject: Cloud Computing
  topic: keywords
subject: K-Means
  topic: keywords
subject: KNN
  topic: keywords
subject: Health Monitoring
  topic: keywords
subject: ECG
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Cloud Architecture
  topic: keywords
creator: Nikhil Patel
creator: Nilesh Modi
creator: Himanshu Patel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-09-30
publication date: 2024-09-30
starting page: 61
ending page: 68
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2024.v04.n03.008

Partition and Pastoralism: The Gaddi-Gujjar Conflict in Chamba, 1947
type: item
description: The Partition of India in 1947 was not just a political division of land but a deep rupture that unsettled older relationships between people, power, and place in the Himalayan borderlands. For the Muslim Gujjars, whose lives had long depended on seasonal migration across these highland routes, Partition meant more than the loss of territory—it meant the narrowing of movement and the erosion of a shared social world. Their migratory paths, once stretching across what became two separate nations, were suddenly constricted by new borders and bureaucratic controls. In the years that followed, these restrictions led to rising local tensions and outbreaks of communal hostility in the mountain passes. At the same time, the new Indian administration restructured regional authority, allowing other local groups—most notably the Gaddis—to consolidate political and economic influence. Drawing on this shifting terrain of power and belonging, the paper explores how the Gaddi community, through careful adaptation to post-Partition governance, managed to institutionalize certain forms of exclusion that disadvantaged their Gujjar counterparts. The study thus connects the national story of Partition to the lived realities of Himalayan pastoral life, showing how historical boundaries continue to shape everyday claims over land, identity, and memory.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Partition of India
  topic: keywords
subject: Gaddi community
  topic: keywords
subject: Gujjar pastoralists
  topic: keywords
subject: resource conflict
  topic: keywords
subject: Himalayan borderlands
  topic: keywords
subject: postcolonial transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: migration and identity
  topic: keywords
subject: memory and belonging
  topic: keywords
creator: Ram Thakru
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 26
ending page: 34
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n03.004

Inclusive and Sustainable Rural Sanitation in India
type: item
description: In the world's second most populous nation, providing ecologically safe sanitation to its citizens is a difficult task. Personal hygiene and health depend heavily on having access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation. Thus, it is clear how water, sanitation, and health are related. Consumption of tainted drinking water, inappropriate disposal of human waste, inadequate environmental sanitation, and inadequate personal and nutritional hygiene have all been connected to a number of diseases in underdeveloped countries. This also holds true for India. The high neonatal death rate that is currently common is also mostly caused by poor sanitation. The Indian government launched the Swachh Bharat Mission on October 2, 2014, with the goal of outlawing open defecation across the country. Since then, Swachh Bharat Mission-Grameen (SBM-G) has made significant progress. The people's involvement turned the Mission into a jan andolan, or people's movement, which was the main catalyst for the sanitation revolution that led to the formation of India ODF. After achieving these results, it is now crucial to maintain the progress gained under the Mission and make sure that the benefits for health and cleanliness continue. In light of this, the current paper reviews India's inclusive and sustainable rural sanitation system and makes recommendations for how to make it better. The paper's primary sources are critical reviews of relevant literature and secondary data.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Rural sanitation
  topic: keywords
subject: Inclusive sanitation
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable sanitation
  topic: keywords
creator: Aditi Gupta
creator: Abhishek Awasthi
creator: Awadhesh Kumar Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 14
ending page: 25
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n03.003

Impact of Gender and Education on Mental Health and Academic Stress
type: item
description: This study examines the impact of gender and education on mental health and academic stress among students. A sample of 300 students (169 females and 131 males) from 11th and 12th grades participated in the study. The results revealed significant gender differences in students' perceptions of their school environment and coping strategies, with females reporting more positive perceptions and males engaging more in behavioral avoidance strategies. Additionally, the study found significant differences between 11th and 12th-grade students in their perceptions of the school environment and academic stress, with 12th-grade students experiencing higher levels of stress. The findings highlight the need for tailored interventions that address the unique needs of males and females, as well as students at different stages of their education, to promote academic and mental well-being.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mental Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Academic Stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Anxiety
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Phobia
  topic: keywords
creator: Rakhi Devangan
creator: Basant Kumar Sonber
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 01
ending page: 05
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n03.001

Caste and Class: Strategic Tools for the Sustenance of Supremacy Analysing the Works of Aravind Adiga and Rohinton Mistry
type: item
description: Oppression means the subjugation and marginalisation of a particular group of people within a nation, state, region, or society. The class and caste systems are two oppressive tools used by a few people who are at the top of the hierarchy to maintain their control and power. People are strategically divided by caging them into compartments, making the dominant people the supreme controllers of the subjugated caged people. The caste system is a traditional phenomenon of extending dominance over lower caste people, and to sustain this supremacy, violence, religion and denying education methods are used. With modernization and industrialization, sources of income have increased, which has consequently improved the living conditions of caste victims. Migration to cities and switching to some other source of income by the subjugated section has depleted the stronghold of the dominant upper caste section. To sustain their supremacy, these dominant sections have combined the caste system with the class system manipulatively. This concept is analysed in the works of Aravind Adiga and Rohinton Mistry in this study.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Caste system
  topic: keywords
subject: Class system
  topic: keywords
subject: Control
  topic: keywords
subject: Dominant
  topic: keywords
subject: Struggle
  topic: keywords
subject: Supremacy
  topic: keywords
creator: Suman Kumari
creator: Reetika Sood
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 06
ending page: 13
doi: 10.31305/rrijm2025.v05.n03.002