Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary
UGC Guidelines on Peer-Reviewed Journals Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary (RRIJM) follows ethical publishing standards and adheres to the principles of quality assurance and academic integrity as outlined in the guidelines for peer-reviewed journals. The journal ensures that all published research undergoes a rigorous peer review process, maintaining transparency, originality, and academic credibility in accordance with established scholarly publishing norms. Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary (RRIJM) (ISSN: 2583-0031, Online) is a peer-reviewed international journal committed to publishing high-quality scholarly work across a wide range of multidisciplinary fields. The journal provides an inclusive platform for researchers, practitioners, and scholars to present original contributions spanning international, regional, and interdisciplinary studies. RRIJM aims to advance knowledge by publishing rigorous theoretical and empirical research that addresses contemporary issues in multidisciplinary domains. In addition to research articles, the journal features case studies with practical implications, as well as papers focused on teaching and learning in Business and Management, Social Sciences, and the Humanities. The journal also welcomes critical reviews of recently published books relevant to these fields. Unlike conventional journals that focus on narrowly defined subject areas, RRIJM encourages cross-disciplinary engagement, enabling research to reach a broader scientific audience without disciplinary limitations. Journal Information Journal Start Year: 2021 Journal Title: Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary (RRIJM) ISSN (Online): 2583-0031 Publication Frequency: Quarterly (4 issues per year) Peer Review Process: Double Blind Peer Review Journal Accessibility: Open Access DOI: Crossref DOI to each article Impact Factor: 5.02 (IIJIF) Subject Areas: Business & Management; Social Sciences; Humanities Language: English Publication Format: Online Contact Information Phone: +91 93284 90029 Email: editor@rrijm.com Website: https://rrijm.com/index.php/RRIJM/index Address: D-302, Surya Kiran Heights, Behind Gayatri Mandir, Kalol–382721, District Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
Research Review Publication (Reg. No. UDYAM-GJ-14-0031580)
Artificial Intelligence in Teacher Education: Towards a Competency Based, Ethically Grounded Conceptual Model
Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming expectations of teachers and teacher education, shifting practice from basic technology integration towards complex forms of AI literacy, human–AI collaboration, and ethical responsibility. Emerging research shows that pre service and in service teachers increasingly encounter AI tools such as generative AI, learning analytics dashboards, and intelligent tutoring systems, yet often possess only moderate AI related competencies and limited guidance on ethical, pedagogically sound use. At the same time, global and national frameworks, including UNESCO’s AI Competency Framework for Teachers and policy reforms such as India’s National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, are beginning to define AI related teacher competencies but remain unevenly implemented in teacher education programmes (Ministry of Education, 2020; UNESCO, 2024). This conceptual paper synthesises recent empirical studies, systematic reviews, umbrella reviews, and policy documents on AI in teacher education and AI literacy to propose a competency based, ethically grounded conceptual model for AI integration in teacher preparation. Using a narrative, theory informed review of AI literacy frameworks, pre service teacher AI competence studies, conceptual work on human–AI hybrid pedagogy, and current debates on AI ethics in education, the paper identifies four interrelated dimensions: (a) AI related teacher competencies, (b) human–AI hybrid pedagogy, (c) ethical and equity-oriented governance, and (d) institutional and policy alignment. The model positions AI as augmenting—rather than replacing—teachers’ professional judgement and relational work and emphasises safeguarding human agency, inclusion, and academic integrity. Implications are drawn for curriculum design, professional development, assessment, and future research agendas in teacher education, particularly in contexts undergoing system reform such as India under NEP 2020.
Nyaya Over Danda: An Analysis of the Legal and Constitutional Rights of Prisoners under the Prisons Act, 1894 and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023
Crime is committed everywhere in the world so, punishment for criminal is a recognized tool to remove the crime from the society. However, the penologist approach to punishment has also drastically changed due to the shifting patterns of contemporary society from the Deterrent approach to Reformative and Rehabilitation approach because as a matter of fact, no one is criminal by birth, it is the circumstances which compel a person to do an unlawful act. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 which was earlier named as The Indian Penal Code, 1860 has also taken a step towards the reformative approach through introduction of ‘Community Service’ as a punishment which aimed to achieving ‘Nyaya’ not ‘Danda’ in the society. This research paper attempts to highlights the historical background of Correctional Institutions in India and the rights of inmates with the help of various Legal and Constitutional provisions and Judicial Pronouncements for the welfare and protection of prisoners right.
The Utopian Paradox: Factual Constraints, Governance Dynamics, and the Critique of the Minimal State
This paper provides a critical examination of the feasibility of utopian states by synthesizing theoretical constructs with empirical and historical realities. It investigates the inherent tensions between utopian idealism and factual considerations such as human nature, economic viability, and resource scarcity. Furthermore, the study explores the "excitement gap" between the expansive visions of utopian theory and the restrained framework of the minimal state. By evaluating historical precedents and pragmatic constraints, the research aims to determine whether a state exceeding the minimal conception can be justified or sustained in the complex dynamics of the actual world.
Archaeological Analysis of Temple Architecture and Sculpture in Jharkhand (1200–1750 AD)
Between 1200 and 1750 AD, the development of temple architecture and sculpture in Jharkhand emerged as an important cultural process, clearly reflecting the influence of regional traditions, religious diversity, and political patronage. During this period, the rulers of the Nagvanshi, Chero, and Singhbhum regions patronized art and architecture, resulting in the evolution of a distinctive architectural style through the synthesis of the Nagara style and local tribal architecture. The temples prominently featured elements such as lofty shikharas (spires), garbhagriha (sanctum), and mandapas (pillared halls), while materials like sandstone, granite, and bricks were used in construction. Sculpture from this period shows the integration of Hindu, Jain, and tribal beliefs, with prominent depictions of Shiva, Vishnu, Durga, Ganesha, and Jain Tirthankaras. Archaeological evidence from sites such as Chutia, Benisagar, Anjandham, Deoghar, and Ramgarh confirms the rich artistic tradition of this era. These sculptures exhibit fine craftsmanship, balance, and symbolic expression. Abstract in Hindi Language: 1200-1750 ई. के मध्य झारखंड में मंदिर स्थापत्य और मूर्तिकला का विकास एक महत्वपूर्ण सांस्कृतिक प्रक्रिया के रूप में उभरकर सामने आता है, जिसमें क्षेत्रीय परंपराओं, धार्मिक विविधता और राजनीतिक संरक्षण का प्रभाव स्पष्ट रूप से देखा जा सकता है। इस काल में नागवंशी, चेरो और सिंहभूम के शासकों ने कला और स्थापत्य को संरक्षण प्रदान किया, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप नागर शैली तथा स्थानीय आदिवासी वास्तुकला के समन्वय से एक विशिष्ट स्थापत्य शैली विकसित हुई। मंदिरों में ऊँचे शिखर, गर्भगृह और मंडप जैसे तत्व प्रमुख थे, जबकि निर्माण में बलुआ पत्थर, ग्रेनाइट और ईंटों का उपयोग किया गया। मूर्तिकला में हिंदू, जैन और जनजातीय आस्थाओं का समावेश मिलता है, जिसमें शिव, विष्णु, दुर्गा, गणेश तथा जैन तीर्थंकरों की प्रतिमाएँ प्रमुख हैं। चूटिया, बेनिसिगर, अंजनधाम, देवघर और रामगढ़ जैसे स्थलों से प्राप्त पुरातात्विक साक्ष्य इस काल की समृद्ध कला परंपरा को प्रमाणित करते हैं। इन मूर्तियों में सूक्ष्म नक्काशी, संतुलन और प्रतीकात्मकता का उत्कृष्ट प्रदर्शन देखने को मिलता है। Keywords: झारखंड, मंदिर स्थापत्य, मूर्तिकला, नागवंशी, नागर शैली, पुरातत्व, जनजातीय संस्कृति, और धार्मिक समन्वय
Impact of Eco-Tourism on Sariska Tiger Reserve: Opportunities and Challenges
Ecotourism represents a sustainable approach to tourism that balances environmental conservation with economic development. This study examines the impact of ecotourism on Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan, India. The paper analyzes both positive and negative impacts, including economic growth, biodiversity conservation, environmental pressure, and human-wildlife conflict. Using secondary data, graphical analysis, and tabular representation, the study evaluates tourism trends from 2010 to 2022 and corresponding ecological responses. The findings reveal that ecotourism has significantly contributed to local livelihoods and conservation funding, but increasing tourist pressure has created measurable ecological stress, including habitat disturbance and altered wildlife behavior. The study concludes that sustainable management practices—such as carrying capacity control, community participation, and eco-friendly infrastructure—are essential for maintaining long-term ecological balance while continuing to derive economic benefits.
Menstrual Distress amongst Females in Gwalior, India: A pilot study
Menstrual distress is experienced differently by different females. While some may report negligible distress; others may report extreme levels of distress. Tools used for assessing menstrual distress have been developed in other countries and used accordingly. In India, menstrual distress forms were developed in 1989 by Chandra and Chaturvedi at National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore. This paper’s author has adapted and modified these forms for the Gwalior region to assess menstrual distress as a part of her Doctoral work, which are now called Modified Menstrual Distress Forms (MMDF). Findings of the pilot phase using MMDF which was administered on females in their reproductive years are mentioned. Participants’ feedback indicated the feasibility of using the same. It is hoped that the observed patterns of menstrual distress in this pilot study may be of help to the author while conducting the main study.
Girmit History and Diasporic Consciousness in the Writings of Satendra Nandan
The system of indentured labour, commonly referred to as Girmit in Fiji, emerged in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 as a colonial mechanism to sustain plantation economies. Although presented as a contractual labour arrangement, the system replicated many oppressive features of slavery. This paper examines the historical evolution of the girmit system, the lived experiences of Indian indentured labourers in Fiji, and the cultural and psychological consequences of their displacement. It further explores the diasporic consciousness articulated in the literary works of Satendra Nandan, whose poetry and prose recover the silenced histories of the girmityas. By analysing Nandan’s major poems and autobiographical reflections, the paper argues that girmit history represents both trauma and transformation, contributing to the formation of Indo-Fijian identity. The study highlights the importance of memory, narrative, and literary representation in reclaiming marginalized histories and reinterpreting indenture as a site of resilience rather than mere victimhood.
Impact of Climate Change on Indian Water Resources: A GIS and Remote Sensing Approach
Climate change has significantly impacted India's water resources, affecting rainfall patterns, river flows, groundwater levels, and overall water availability. Rising temperatures, erratic monsoons, and glacier retreat in the Himalayas have exacerbated water scarcity and increased the frequency of droughts and floods. This study explores the role of GIS and remote sensing technologies in assessing and managing these climate-induced changes. By analyzing satellite imagery, hydrological models, and spatial data, GIS provides insights into river basin dynamics, groundwater depletion, and land-use changes, enabling better decision-making for water conservation. Case studies on major river basins like Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Godavari highlight the practical applications of these technologies. The paper also discusses government policies and adaptation strategies to mitigate climate risks. Integrating remote sensing with sustainable water management practices is essential to ensure India’s long-term water security and resilience against climate change.
The Concept of Eternity in Western Philosophy: A Philosophical Analysis
This essay traces the evolution of the idea of eternity from Ancient Greek metaphysics to modern philosophical debate, providing a thorough philosophical study of the term within the Western intellectual tradition. I contend that eternity has consistently been understood as a qualitatively unique way of existence that transcends time, change, and finitude rather than being merely an extension of chronological duration. The research looks at how classical philosophy developed the fundamental contrast between time and eternity, starting with the Presocratic and Platonic stress on permanence and unchangeable essence. Eternity becomes fundamental to theological metaphysics in medieval thought, especially in the writings of Augustine, Boethius, and Thomas Aquinas, who conceptualize it as a timeless and perfect present connected to divine immutability. The essay then critically examines early modern viewpoints, emphasizing Locke’s empiricist reconfiguration of eternity in relation to human experience and cognition as well as the rationalist reinterpretation of eternity in Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz. Lastly, I discuss modern and current philosophy, where philosophers like Bergson, Heidegger, Hegel, and Kant redefine or problematize eternity within dialectical, phenomenological, and epistemological frameworks. I show that the idea of eternity is still a major but contentious issue using this historical and analytical method, reflecting the changing interaction between time, being, and human knowledge. The study comes to the conclusion that eternity still serves as a crucial philosophical perspective that encourages continuous contemplation of the boundaries of temporality and the nature of ultimate reality.
Ahimsa as a Universal Ethical Principle: Gandhian Perspective
This paper critically investigates the idea of ahimsa as a universal ethical standard within Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophical framework. Gandhi reinterprets ahimsa as a dynamic and all-encompassing moral philosophy based on truth (satya), love, and moral responsibility, despite its origins in ancient Indian religious traditions. The study examines the philosophical underpinnings of Gandhian ahimsa, highlighting its constructive and proactive nature as a catalyst for both social and personal development. It examines the inherent connection between ahimsa and satyagraha in more detail, showing how moral persuasion and self-suffering can make nonviolence an effective means of resisting injustice. The study also emphasizes the ethical aspects of ahimsa, including its focus on compassion, inner discipline, and the purity of thought and behaviour. Furthermore, the universalism of ahimsa is analysed in terms of how it can be used in many cultural, social, and political situations, making it a pertinent concept for dealing with current world issues. The study makes the case that Gandhian ahimsa overcomes its conventional constraints and provides a comprehensive framework for promoting peace, justice, and human dignity by fusing ethical theory with real-world action. In the end, this research argues that Gandhi’s concept of ahimsa is a living, transformational principle that may direct both individual behaviour and group life in a world that is becoming more complicated and conflict-ridden.
The Philosophy of Divine Love: A Comparative Study of Sufi Mysticism and Bhakti Movement
The idea of divine love as expressed in Sufi mysticism and the Bhakti movement is examined in this essay, along with the similarities and differences in its conception, application, and moral implications. I examine how Sufi mystics view divine love (ʿIshq e Haqiqi) as a transformational force that dissolves the ego and joins the seeker with the transcendent Absolute, cultivating moral virtues and spiritual insight, using a comparative perspective. The Bhakti tradition, on the other hand, integrates moral living with emotional closeness and group involvement, emphasizing a personal, relational, and reciprocal devotion (prema) toward a particular deity. Despite having different metaphysical underpinnings, both faiths are deeply committed to the transformational power of love and use ritual expression, poetry, and devotional activities to foster communal harmony as well as individual spiritual fulfilment. The study also explores the spiritual and ethical ramifications of divine love, emphasizing how these customs foster moral involvement, inclusion, and compassion in both individual and societal contexts. The philosophical insights of Sufi and Bhakti love provide a compelling model for interpersonal empathy, moral behaviour, and communal togetherness in modern circumstances characterized by cultural variety, social fragmentation, and existential ambiguity. The paper shows that divine love is not just a devotional feeling but a dynamic ethical and spiritual principle with ongoing relevance by placing mystical devotion within both historical and contemporary frameworks. This comparison highlights how the pursuit of divine love can both elevate the individual and promote social development. Sufi and Bhakti traditions offer ageless patterns of ethical and spiritual transformation.
Values of Varnashrama in Present Time: A Critical Study
This work critically evaluates Varnashrama and its relevance in modern culture. I think Varnashrama, which combines Varna (social categorization) and Ashrama (life stages), is one of the most prominent socio-ethical theories in traditional Indian philosophy. The system traditionally assigned duties and obligations based on individual capacities and life stages to create a balanced social order. The Vedas, Dharmashastras, and Bhagavad Gita establish Varnashrama as a moral framework for social harmony, ethical discipline, and spiritual growth. The system gradually developed tight social structures, primarily through inherited caste divides that impeded social mobility and promoted social inequality. This paper examines the Varnashrama framework’s philosophical ideals and critical problems. The research examines traditional Varna and Ashrama, its ethical standards, and modern intellectuals’ and social reformers’ objections. Modern researchers’ attempts to redefine the notion in line with democratic norms are highlighted. The ancient system’s hierarchical structure conflicts with modern values of equality and human dignity, but its ethical values—duty, discipline, social responsibility, and spiritual development; remain important. The study proposes reinterpreting Varnashrama’s ethical principles within modern social justice and democratic norms rather than conserving its rigid social structure. A critical reinterpretation can help explain how ancient philosophical ideas can constructively connect with modern ethical debate.
The Ethics of Life and Death: Philosophical Reflections on Euthanasia and Human Rights
This dissertation critically analyzes important philosophical traditions and contemporary human rights discourse to assess the ethical complications of euthanasia. I believe the euthanasia discussion is a moral inquiry into autonomy, dignity, and the value of human life, not just medical practice or legal policy. To avoid ethical ambiguity, the study defines euthanasia as voluntary, non-voluntary, involuntary, active, and passive. The article examines the importance of autonomy in the right to die and the psychological factors that may limit true decision. While critically examining the sanctity-of-life theory as a source of moral constraint, the study emphasizes its continued relevance in protecting human dignity. The utilitarian and consequentialist viewpoints are examined for their focus on suffering and well-being, highlighting their compassion and potential hazards. As patient-centered care and life-sustaining technology progress, medical ethics and professional duty are examined. I propose a nuanced, pluralistic approach to euthanasia, balancing individual autonomy with greater moral obligations and restrictions. This study aims to make life and death more thoughtful and empathetic in the changing human rights situation.
Tradition and Modernity: Reinterpreting the Concept of Purdah in Contemporary Islamic Thought
In order to redefine the meaning of purdah through historical, theological, and sociocultural lenses, this study critically investigates the notion within the larger context of tradition and modernity in contemporary Islamic thought. Purdah, in my opinion, is a dynamic concept formed by changing interpretations of Islamic texts, cultural customs, and outside influences rather than a static or monolithic institution. The study examines the historical underpinnings of purdah, emphasizing its pre-Islamic roots and how interpretive traditions later integrated it into Islamic social and legal discourses. It also examines how, over time, institutionalized practices of seclusion and gender segregation evolved from traditional theological understandings of modesty (ḥayāüge). The study examines how globalization, education, and shifting socioeconomic circumstances have altered the practice and perception of purdah in light of contemporary issues, especially with regard to women’s agency and involvement in public life. The study makes the case that many conventional interpretations reflect historically situational patriarchal systems rather than the ethical essence of Islamic teachings, drawing on feminist and reformist studies. As a result, it promotes a contextual and hermeneutically grounded reinterpretation that harmonizes purdah with core Islamic principles like equality, justice, and dignity. In the end, the study suggests that a more nuanced understanding of purdah’s function in modern Muslim societies can be achieved by rethinking it through a balanced engagement with tradition and modernity, fostering an approach that is both faithful to religious principles and responsive to current realities.
The Influence of Sankaracharya on Swami Vivekananda's Philosophy
The philosophical lineage of modern Indian thought owes much to the intellectual bridge between Śrī Ādi Śaṅkarācārya and Swami Vivekananda. Śaṅkara, the preeminent exponent of Advaita Vedānta, articulated a vision of non-dualism that emphasized the identity of the individual self (Ātman) with the ultimate reality (Brahman), rejecting ritualism and affirming knowledge as the path to liberation. Swami Vivekananda, emerging in the late nineteenth century, inherited this Advaitic foundation yet transformed it into a pragmatic philosophy suited to the modern world. While Śaṅkara highlighted metaphysical inquiry and renunciation, Vivekananda extended the doctrine of non-duality into social service, religious universalism, and national regeneration. His principle of “Practical Vedānta” reinterpreted Śaṅkara’s transcendental non-dualism into a philosophy of action, stressing that spiritual realization must manifest in service to humanity. This paper critically explores the continuities and divergences between Śaṅkarācārya and Swami Vivekananda, demonstrating how the former provided the metaphysical groundwork while the latter infused it with dynamism, inclusivity, and global relevance. The study concludes that Vivekananda’s reinterpretation of Śaṅkara’s Advaita was not a departure but a creative evolution that enabled Vedānta to address the spiritual and socio-political challenges of modernity.
Political Inclusion of Minorities in West Bengal’s Local Governance: Trends and Challenges (2000–2024)
This article critically explores minority political inclusion in West Bengal municipal governance from 2000 to 2024. Democratic decentralization through the Panchayati Raj system has increased grassroots political engagement by previously marginalized communities, in my opinion. West Bengal, with its complex socio-religious makeup and large minority population, provides a unique framework for studying how democratic institutions accommodate local minority participation. The study examines local governance institutions, minority political involvement, and Panchayat and other local body representation during the past two decades. It analyses how political parties, electoral mobilization, and demographics affect minority local politics involvement. Minority representation and electoral engagement are rising, but socio-economic marginalization, limited leadership opportunities, party-centered patronage networks, and minority vote instrumentalization in competitive electoral politics remain. These institutional limits typically prevent descriptive representation from becoming political empowerment, in my opinion. The study contends that political inclusion should be measured not only by election participation but also by democratic equality, social fairness, and effective representation. The study illustrates grassroots democracy’s successes and failures by positioning minority political engagement in West Bengal’s changing political landscape. The article concludes that better institutional frameworks, inclusive political practices, and socio-economic development policies are needed to promote meaningful and sustained minority participation in local governance.
Gandhi and Civil Disobedience: Historical Impact and Contemporary Relevance
Gandhi’s idea and practice of civil disobedience are critically examined in this essay, which also places it in its historical context and investigates its continued relevance today. Using Gandhi’s idea of satyagraha—the fusion of truth (satya) and nonviolence (ahimsa)—I contend that Gandhian civil disobedience was a profound moral philosophy that reshaped the relationship between power, resistance, and ethical responsibility rather than just a political tactic against British colonial rule. The Indian freedom struggle was historically changed by Gandhian civil disobedience, which united disparate social groups into a disciplined, mass-based movement focused on moral validity rather than violent conflict. Its impact went much beyond India, influencing social justice, civil rights, and democratic reform movements around the world. Gandhian civil disobedience provides a normative framework for principled protest that puts moral principles ahead of practical goals in the modern period of democratic backsliding, structural inequality, environmental problems, and digital activism. Through an examination of Gandhian civil disobedience’s philosophical underpinnings, historical applications, and worldwide adaptations, this book shows that its significance lies in critical reinterpretation rather than mechanical reproduction. In the end, I argue that Gandhian civil disobedience still offers a powerful example of peaceful resistance, urging academics and activists to reconsider political change as an ethically sound, inclusive, and liberating process in the twenty-first century.
Ethics, Leadership and Social Responsibility in Teacher Preparation
In the modern educational environment, I believe that teacher training must go beyond the development of pedagogical skills and subject knowledge to encompass the development of ethical consciousness, leadership potential, and a strong sense of social responsibility. This study explores the conceptual connections among ethics, leadership, and social responsibility in teacher preparation and makes the case that these three aspects form the ethical and professional cornerstone of successful instruction. Teaching is fundamentally a value-driven profession in which teachers shape students’ ethical and civic awareness in addition to their intellectual growth. Thus, it is imperative that teacher education programs consciously incorporate socially responsive practices, leadership development, and ethical reasoning into their pedagogical and curriculum frameworks. In order to demonstrate how moral standards direct professional behaviour, how leadership abilities enable educators to create cooperative learning environments, and how social responsibility links educational practice with more extensive societal change, the study examines theoretical stances from educational philosophy and leadership studies. In my opinion, teacher preparation that prioritizes these interrelated aspects empowers educators to serve as transformative leaders and reflective practitioners in schools and communities. This kind of approach improves the role of education as a catalyst for social development, promotes democratic involvement, and creates inclusive educational settings. According to the research, incorporating ethics, leadership, and social responsibility into teacher preparation can greatly improve educators’ sense of self as professionals and aid in the creation of morally sound and socially conscious educational establishments. In order to prepare teachers to face today’s educational and societal issues, this article advocates for a comprehensive approach to teacher education that develops them into moral leaders and socially conscious individuals in addition to skilled educators.
Challenges and opportunities for entrepreneurship Post Pandemic five-year economic crisis – a study of JHANSI District of Uttar Pradesh
Background: This study examines the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on enterprises in Jhansi district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Objective: Challenges and opportunities faced by entrepreneurs during the pandemic were analyzed. SWOC analysis for entrepreneurial activities during the pandemic was also conducted. Best practices adopted by entrepreneurs to minimize the impact of shocks generated by the COVID-19 economic crisis. Methodology: The descriptive and exploratory research design has been used in the study. A sampling survey method and case study approach were used. Samples for data collection were selected through snowball sampling through google form online. Ninety-four respondents participated through an open sampling technique and were divided into two equal sub-samples. The first sub-sample consisted of individuals who were employed, and the second included job seekers for in-depth examination. Result: The findings indicate that most entrepreneurs suffered significantly during the crisis. Many entrepreneurs started doing business through e-commerce. Several faced lower production and unavailability of products for sale after the lockdown was lifted. SWOC analysis results showed: strengths—less borrowings, capital incentives; weaknesses—interruptions in the supply chain; opportunities—electronic activities, work from home, greater business flexibility, and government schemes; challenges—closing the economy, economic downturn, and declining purchasing power.
A study on Customer's Perception towards Mutual Funds as a Tool of Investment
The objective of this research is the perception of customers' perception towards mutual funds as a tool of investment in the Indian market with factors such as awareness levels, demographic aspects, the role of financial advisors, and online investment platforms. The study is based on Descriptive method and data is collected through an online survey. The sample size for the present study has been selected on the criteria and are standardized to 177, considering age, profession, income, and regional categories. From the current investigation, it is observed that in spite of awareness levels, there is a lack of awareness to some extent among the investors, which hinders making any investment. This particular investigation highlights the critical role of financial advisors, internet facilities, and the transparency provided by the AMC in instilling confidence among investors to invest in mutual funds. The present research contributes to existing knowledge on retail investment behavior. It provides an important piece of knowledge for mutual fund houses, investment advisory firms, and regulatory bodies with respect to structuring an education and ethics advisory plan for increasing the participation of retail investors in mutual funds.
Analysis of Socio-Economic Development through a Micro-Level Study of Economic Dependency Beyond Demographic Structure in Alipurduar District, West Bengal
This study examines the level of socio-economic development in Alipurduar district of West Bengal through a micro-level analysis that moves beyond traditional demographic measures and incorporates economic dependency. While the district exhibits a favourable age structure with a large proportion of working-age population, indicating potential for a demographic dividend, the findings reveal a contrasting reality of low work participation and high economic dependency. Using primary data collected from 800 households across community development blocks and municipalities, the study analyses age structure, work participation rate, and both demographic and economic dependency ratios. The results highlight that a significant share of the working-age population remains economically inactive, leading to a substantial gap between demographic and economic dependency. This hidden dependency burden is particularly pronounced in both rural blocks like Kalchini and Falakata and urban areas such as Falakata Municipality. The study underscores that demographic advantage alone does not ensure development unless supported by adequate employment opportunities, skill development, and inclusive economic participation. It concludes that Alipurduar’s development is moderate but constrained, characterized by underutilization of human resources and regional disparities, thereby necessitating targeted, region-specific policy interventions for sustainable socio-economic progress.
Youth Participation and the Digital Public Sphere: A Habermasian Analysis of Political Engagement in India
Digital technology's explosive growth has changed how people participate in politics, especially young people in India. Using a Habermasian perspective, this study investigates young people's involvement in the digital public sphere, examining the advantages and disadvantages of democratic discourse in virtual environments. The research emphasizes how digital platforms allow young people to acquire information, voice political opinions, and organize collective action in ways that supplement conventional forms of civic engagement. It does this by drawing on recent studies and case studies of social media activism. The report also highlights the drawbacks of online participation, such as the ubiquity of polarization, algorithmic biases, performative activism, and unequal access to digital resources. Using Habermas's concept of the public sphere, the paper makes the case that although digital spaces can promote informed public opinion and rational-critical debate, their democratic efficacy depends on the caliber of deliberation, inclusivity, and the ability to convert online discourse into meaningful political outcomes. In order to guarantee that youth participation makes a significant contribution to government and societal transformation, the research emphasizes the necessity of digital literacy, critical engagement, and the development of inclusive online platforms. This study offers a methodology for assessing the democratic potential of digitally mediated public spaces and sheds light on the changing character of political engagement in India by examining the convergence of youth agency, digital media, and deliberative democracy.
The Politics of Inclusion: Dalit Movements and State Institutions in Eastern India
Eastern India's inclusion politics are examined through Dalit movements' dynamic connection with governmental institutions. It maintains that inclusion is a lived process impacted by historical exclusion, political mobilization, and institutional practices, not a constitutional outcome. The essay begins by tracking Dalit political consciousness from caste-based marginalization to organized resistance and identity assertion. It then examines how grassroots mobilization has turned this consciousness into collective political action, illustrating how local fights for dignity, resources, and rights have increased democratic involvement. The paper also critically examines state institutions, showing that while reservations and political representation provide formal avenues for inclusion, structural inequalities and bureaucratic constraints limit their impact. The paper examines the interconnectedness of recognition, representation, and resistance, concluding that real inclusion involves symbolic acknowledgment, substantive empowerment, and resource transfer. Using eastern India's distinct caste and class dynamics, the article provides a deeper view of Dalit politics outside popular narratives. It concludes that marginalized communities and the state negotiate the politics of inclusion, where grassroots movements reshape democracy.
Territorial Imagination and Social Realism: The Regionalist Vision in Shailjanand Mukherjee’s Fiction
In order to better understand how Shailjanand Mukherjee's regionalist vision reflects the lived reality of marginalized groups, this study examines the relationship between territorial imagination and social realism in his literature. It contends that Mukherjee's stories establish the area as a significant social and cultural space shaped by history, power, and human experience rather than merely depicting a location. By closely examining his writings, the study demonstrates how rural and semi-urban Bengal develops into a vibrant place where caste, class, poverty, and identity issues are intricately linked to day-to-day existence. The essay also looks at how Mukherjee avoids romanticism and exaggeration by presenting these realities honestly and deeply through the literary technique of social realism. His characters are presented as dynamic people who exhibit resiliency and autonomy while simultaneously struggling within social institutions. The study also emphasizes how the concept of territorial imagination aids in comprehending the symbolic significance of space in his literature, as social and emotional situations are reflected in landscapes. Mukherjee's balanced portrayal of the conflicts between tradition and modernity is demonstrated by the discussion of the relationship between regional life and contemporary developments. His writing challenges readers to consider societal injustice and personal responsibility by fusing narrative style with ethical engagement. The study concludes that Mukherjee's regionalist literature provides a potent illustration of how local experiences can convey more general social realities and advance the Indian social realism tradition.
Sacred Alloys: A Historical Study of Ritual Continuity and Religious Symbolism in the Dokra Craft of Bengal
As a prime illustration of the interplay among material culture, ceremonial continuity, and religious symbolism, this article analyses Bengali Dokra craft. One of the earliest types of metalworking that have survived from the Indian subcontinent is Dokra, which is characterized by its traditional lost-wax casting technique. The study delves into the historical evolution of this art while preserving its fundamental ritual roles and symbolic connotations. It emphasizes how artisan groups play an important part in maintaining cultural identity through common behaviours and passing down inherited knowledge systems. Dokra artifacts serve as votive gifts, symbolic representations of deities, and items of cultural expression in local religious contexts; this paper investigates their ceremonial use in these situations. Additionally, it delves into the ways in which tribal customs, Hindu beliefs, and local folklore are reflected in the motifs and shapes used in Dokra art. Simultaneously, the research takes into account how the craft has been affected by commercialization, globalization, and modernity, highlighting both the chances for economic growth and the threats to maintaining its spiritual value. The article contends that Dokra craft is best seen as an active and changing practice rather than a fixed artifact of the past by drawing on wider discussions on heritage, tradition, and cultural sustainability. The text highlights the importance of maintaining a balance between innovation and the preservation of ritual and symbolic elements in order for this tradition to survive. The research concludes that the Dokra skill is a living legacy that shows how traditional knowledge is strong and how art, religion, and communal life in Bengal are interconnected.
The Psychology of Patanjali Yoga: A study of Mind, Control, and Clarity
In this paper, I examine the psychological foundations of Patanjali’s Yoga with special focus on the nature of the mind, its control, and the attainment of clarity. From my perspective, the Yoga Sutras present a systematic and practical model of the human mind, where mental disturbances are identified as the main cause of suffering. The idea of citta (mind) and its oscillations (võttis) describes how memories, emotions, and thoughts constantly influence human perception and action. I contend that Patanjali’s description of yoga as the management of these oscillations offers a potent psychological strategy for attaining mental stability. The study also examines the function of vairāgya (detachment) and abhyāsa (regular practice) as crucial tools for mind control, demonstrating how emotional equilibrium and disciplined effort can lessen mental disorders. Analysed as a methodical psychological training, the Eightfold Path (Aṣṭāṅga Yoga) cultivates deep focus, bodily stability, and ethical consciousness. Furthermore, the idea of kleśas (mental illnesses) draws attention to the internal barriers that obstruct mental clarity, including ignorance, ego, attachment, and fear. Lastly, I contend that achieving clarity and emancipation (kaivalya), when a person recognizes their true nature beyond mental activity, is the ultimate goal of Patanjali’s yoga. This study demonstrates that Patanjali’s yoga is not just a spiritual practice but also a significant psychological framework that is still applicable to comprehending inner peace, self-control, and mental wellness in the contemporary world.
Nature and Moral Responsibility: Environmental Ethics in the Thought of Aldo Leopold
This paper explores Aldo Leopold’s environmental philosophy, focusing on the concept of moral responsibility toward the natural world. Leopold’s land ethic emphasizes that humans are not separate from nature but integral members of the biotic community, and ethical responsibility extends to soils, waters, plants, and animals. By asserting that “a thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community”, he establishes a framework in which human actions are evaluated not only by their impact on people but also by their ecological consequences. The study examines three interrelated dimensions of Leopold’s thought: the ethical expansion to nonhuman entities, the experiential and relational grounding of environmental awareness, and the practical implications for sustainable stewardship. Scholars such as Callicott, Norton, Plumwood, and Sessions (1995) highlight that the land ethic provides a normative guide for contemporary environmental management, conservation, and sustainability practices. The paper argues that Leopold’s philosophy remains highly relevant in addressing modern challenges, including climate change, biodiversity loss, and environmental injustice, as it integrates moral reflection, ecological understanding, and practical action. By bridging ethical theory and environmental practice, Leopold offers a holistic vision in which humans cultivate care, responsibility, and relational engagement with the land. This study underscores that environmental stewardship is not merely a technical or economic concern but a moral imperative, guiding present and future generations toward sustainable and ethical coexistence with the natural world.
Bridging the Digital Divide in Rural Governance: ICT Adoption in Grassroots Democratic Institutions
The expansion of digital governance has significantly reshaped administrative practices in developing countries, yet its penetration within rural governance structures remains uneven because of persistent institutional and socio-economic disparities. This paper examines the challenge of bridging the digital divide in rural governance through the adoption of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in grassroots democratic institutions. It analyses how digital tools are increasingly being introduced in local administrative systems to improve transparency, accountability, service delivery, and citizen participation, while also identifying the barriers that restrict their effective implementation at the rural level. A comparative analytical perspective has been adopted by examining experiences from India, Bangladesh, Kenya, and Brazil, where digital governance initiatives have produced mixed outcomes due to variations in infrastructure, administrative preparedness, and social inclusion. The study identifies inadequate digital infrastructure, poor internet connectivity, low digital literacy, institutional capacity deficits, and language barriers as the principal constraints affecting ICT adoption in rural democratic institutions. In the Indian context, rural local governance increasingly depends on digital platforms, yet implementation continues to be shaped by uneven local capacities and structural limitations. The paper argues that narrowing the digital divide is essential not only for administrative efficiency but also for strengthening democratic participation and inclusive governance in rural areas. Sustainable policy interventions, institutional capacity-building, and localized digital strategies are therefore necessary to ensure effective digital transformation in grassroots governance.
J. Krishnamurti’s Concept of Truth and Reality: A Philosophical Analysis
This paper examines Jiddu Krishnamurti’s distinctive understanding of philosophy through his reflections on truth, reality, thought, and self-knowledge. Unlike traditional philosophical systems that depend on doctrines, theoretical structures, or established traditions, Krishnamurti presents philosophy as a living inquiry grounded in direct perception and personal insight. For him, philosophy does not consist in the accumulation of knowledge or intellectual speculation but in the discovery of truth through attentive awareness of everyday life. A central theme of his thought is the fundamental distinction between reality and truth. Reality, according to Krishnamurti, is shaped by thought and therefore conditioned, limited, and fragmented, whereas truth lies beyond the field of thought and cannot be grasped through conceptual or psychological processes. He rejects the idea of any fixed path, religious authority, or philosophical system leading to truth, emphasizing instead individual understanding and inner freedom. The paper also explores his analysis of conditioning, illusion, and psychological conflict, showing how human suffering arises from the limitations of thought and the constructed sense of self. Krishnamurti connects the realization of truth with intelligence, self-observation, and freedom from accumulated beliefs and conditioning. Furthermore, his views on education highlight the need for a holistic awakening of the mind that encourages awareness rather than conformity. Ultimately, Krishnamurti redefines philosophy as a transformative process of self-knowledge in which truth is realized through direct insight rather than intellectual pursuit, offering a radical alternative to both traditional metaphysics and modern rationalism.
Level of Crop Diversification in the Dandakaranya Region: A Geographical Analysis
Crop diversification refers to the number of crops cultivated within a specific region. The Dandakaranya region serves as the unit of study in the present research paper. Secondary data has been utilized for this study, sourced from the Agricultural Statistics Tables for the year 2023–24, published by the Office of the Commissioner of Land Records, Chhattisgarh, Raipur. For the analysis of the Crop Diversification Index, the methodology employed by Bhatia (1965) has been adopted. To determine the level of crop diversification, the analysis includes all crops sown across areas exceeding 0.1 percent of the total cultivated land in each of the seven districts comprising the Dandakaranya region. The analysis reveals that within the Dandakaranya region, crop diversification is high in the districts of Bastar, Kondagaon, Narayanpur, Dantewada, and Sukma; moderate in Kanker; and low in Bijapur. Abstract in Hindi Language: शस्य विविधता किसी क्षेत्र में उगाई जाने वाली फसलों की संख्या को प्रदर्शित करता है । प्रस्तुत शोधपत्र में अध्ययन की इकाई दण्डकारण्य प्रदेश है। शोध हेतु द्वितीयक आंकड़ों का प्रयोग किया गया है जो कार्यालय आयुक्त भू-अभिलेख छत्तीसगढ़, रायपुर द्वारा जारी कृषि सांख्यिकी सारणी वर्ष 2023-24 से प्राप्त किए गए हैं । शस्य विविधता सूचकांक के विश्लेषण हेतु भाटिया (1965) द्वारा प्रयुक्त विधि का प्रयोग किया गया है । शस्य विविधता का स्तर ज्ञात करने के लिए दण्डकारण्य प्रदेश के सभी सातों जिलों के 0.1 प्रतिशत से अधिक क्षेत्रफल पर बोई गई फसलों को सम्मिलित किया गया है । विश्लेषण से स्पष्ट हुआ कि दण्डकारण्य प्रदेश में बस्तर, कोण्डागांव, नारायणपुर, दंतेवाड़ा एवं सुकमा जिले में शस्य विविधता स्तर उच्च, कांकेर जिले में मध्यम एवं बीजापुर जिले में निम्न है । Keywords: दण्डकारण्य प्रदेश, शस्य विविधता, सूचकांक, स्तर ।